Macbeth and Jack

Hunger for power in Macbeth and Jack Hunger for power is often the driving force in one’s life. While hunger for power is an indispensible trait for all leaders, it can also remove one's ability to control emotions, desires, and greed until that person is devoured by it. Jack, from Lord of the Flies and Macbeth, from Macbeth serves as the primary example of this, as they are eventually driven to their own demise by ambition in a negative way, murder, and betrayal of friends. In addition, Jack and Macbeth show that hunger for power leads to ones downfall. In both Macbeth and jack, ambition play’s a major role because it is the start or the beginning of their downfall. Ambition has not yet overwhelmed the minds of Macbeth, He is uncanny depiction of a noble general, saving his country form domination and tyranny, but as the character progresses in the plot, the inhabitance is parallel in that he receive prestigious rankings amongst the society and in essence, his lives is ideal. Macbeth receives titles of nobility and influence as Thane of Glamis and is recently appointed Thane of Cawdor. (Shakespeare I. 3. ). With a great quantity of control being eceived, Macbeth devours the power as if it were a precious jewel. But Evil seep’s through him, diminishing the moral code in the name of attaining his esteemed goals. Macbeth, seconds after hearing his new appointment states, â€Å" If good, why do I yield to that suggestion whose horrid image doth unfix my hair and make my seated heart knock at my ribs, against the use of nature? Present fears are less than horrible imaginings; my thought, whose murder yet is but fantastical,† (Shakespeare. I. 3. ) Ambition has driven evil spirits, which will not die until his dreams are accomplished. With the seed of power and ambition implemented into his mind, the plant grows out of control until conscience is completely drained out. Similarly, Jack isn’t ambitious in the beginning. He is introduced to the reader in a â€Å"holy† aura with the description of his choir; â€Å"Their bodies, from throat to ankle, were hidden by black cloaks which bore a long silver cross on the left breast† (Golding 21) Conveying religion into Jack’s first emergence shows the likely innocence encompassed in the boy’s life prior to crashing on the island. As the character progresses in the plot, just as Macbeth, Jack also receive prestigious rankings amongst the society or in the island. Jack is appointed Leader of the hunters, the only high rank besides Ralph, who was chosen leader. (Golding 24-25). This gives Jack important stature as he controls a certain portion of the boys inhibited in the island. As he holds substantial power over some aspect of civilization. Evil also seep’s through his mind, which therefore diminishes his moral code in the name of attaining his esteemed goal. But Jack states his feelings in different ways. Jack although less apparent, also show his attentions to overtake all leadership. His constant disagreement with Ralph exhibits no respect and shows his aspirations of taking total command. Instead of looking over the fire, Jack deliberately disobeys the order made by Ralph and goes out hunting instead. (Golding 77). This shows how Jack’s ambitiousness is trying to make a dispute with Ralph so that he can prove Ralph as a not good leader and then became the next leader. Therefore this also shows how Macbeths and jacks ambition can disrupt a peaceful society. Betrayal of friends plays an important part in both Macbeth and Jack because that’s when he change of power occurs of them leading in to their downfall. In Macbeth the earliest example of betrayal serving as a impetus in power change is when Macbeth is rewarded for his loyalty to the king while the Thane of Cawdor is stripped of his title because of his betrayal. Both Banquo and Macbeth are slightly disturbed by the witches prediction because they are afraid that it will trick them into betraying the king. But because Macbeth was very ambitious and couldn’t control himself. Macbeth begins to plan his treachery against Duncan as soon as he sees that Malcolm stands in the way of Macbeth gaining the throne. I have done the deed. Didst thou not hear a noise† (Shakespeare II, 2, 56). The betrayal against Duncan is complete when Macbeth murders him. Now Macbeth must frame the guards and try to cover up his crime, which can only lead to more murder. Banquo is a general in the King's army (same as Macbeth) and is often seen in contrast to Macbeth. Banquo is the only one with Macbeth when he hears the first prophecy of the weird sisters; during the same prophecy, Banquo is told that his children will be kings, though he will not be. Banquo knows of Macbeth and his quest for power. He is the one that tells Macbeth that the instruments of darkness only cause harm and betrayal. Macbeth makes this statement true by betraying Banquo whom he once trusted. â€Å" Thou hast it now: king, cowdor, glamis, all, As the weird women promis’d; and, I fear, thou play’dst most foully for’t†(Shakespeare III. 1. 76). Banquo suspected Macbeth’s guilt and out of fear of being caught Macbeth sends out two murderers to kill Banquo. Macbeth is guilty of betrayal, but he doesn’t commit the act himself which shows how weak he really is. Macbeth is numb from all the events, which are causing his downfall. Just like how Macbeth betrayed his friends, Jack also betrays his friends in a different manner. The strong-willed, egomaniacal Jack is the novel’s primary representative of the instinct of savagery, violence, and the desire for power. He is a person who just gives out demands, and expects the group to answer him. Jacks main aim of the assemblies in the novel are to first become chief â€Å"simple arrogance†, â€Å"I ought to be chief†(Golding 29) Jack believes that no-one else has the right to control him, and he should be in control of everyone. But unfortunately Jack lost the vote to be chief and that’s when jack begins to betray his friends. He changes his image from a choirboy to a furtive hunter. Jack couldn’t follow Ralph’s(the chief) rulers so Jack calls for am assembly and insults Ralph by saying â€Å"He isn’t perfect and we don’t know anything about him. He just gives orders and expects people to obey for nothing. †(Golding 126). Jack betrays his chief Ralph and makes a new group. After Jack formed a new group he mostly influenced them in being a hunter and to always kill things and because of that Jack betrays Simon, who’s another friend of his. During Jacks party Simon went to examine the beast at the mountain. When Simon found out there wasn’t a beast and only a dead man in there, he came running towards Jack party to tell them. But Jack and his group thought it was the beast that was coming towards them so they killed it. â€Å"Simon was crying out something about a dead man on a hill. † (Golding 152). Therefore this portrays that hunger for power can lead one to betrayal of friends. In the world today people have certain goals that they set for themselves to achieve in their lifetime. Most people try to obtain these goals by hard work and to just keep on trying until they finally get what they want. In the case of Macbeth and Jack however they try to obtain their goals through violence and murder. At first Macbeth is a loyal and brave soldier and serves his king Duncan. Because of Macbeth's loyalty to Duncan he is named the Thane of Cawdor. After Macbeth hears the prophecies about himself and becoming king, which he has always wanted, the thought of murder starts coming into his mind. Instead of just staying a loyal and brave soldier and waiting to see if he will be named king, Macbeth tries to obtain his goal in a different way. The thoughts of murder tarts getting greater and Macbeth questions whether or not he should but Lady Macbeth tries to talk Macbeth into killing Duncan so that they can both get what they want. So now instead of obtaining his goal of becoming king by just waiting he gets it by murdering Duncan. â€Å"I have done the deed†(Shakespeare. II. 2. 56). The initial thought of murder starts when Macbeth receives the three prophecies from the witches about him becoming king. Macbeth has some of the same thoughts of the murder as Lady Macbeth does, but he also has some different opinions. Macbeth obviously wants to kill Duncan ecause he is the one who first came up with the plan of the murder, but Macbeth also doesn't want to commit the murder because Duncan is humble and Macbeth is a loyal kinsman. Macbeth kills the king to secure the kingship, but immediately it becomes clear that the only way to hide the murder is to keep murdering. Macbeth hasn't even settled in the new palace before Macbeth has already found two murders to murder Banquo and his son. Because after Macbeth becomes king Banqou says â€Å" Thou hast it now: king, cowdor, glamis, all, As the weird women promis’d; and, I fear, thou play’dst most foully for’t† (Shakespeare III. 1. 6). Banquo suspected Macbeth’s guilt and out of fear of being caught Macbeth sends out two murderers to kill Banquo. And so therefore hunger for power lead Macbeth in murdering both his king and friend. Similarly, Jack was a choir leader and wasn’t a violent person in the beginning. Jack as already mentioned is a person who just gives out demands, and expects the group to answer him. Jack believes that no one else has the right to control him, and he should be in control of everyone. One of the first murders that took place in the island was the murder of Simon. It was a dark scary night. Nothing could be clearly seen. Loud thunder roared as thick drops of rain fell on the ground. Nothing could be heard but the sound of thunder. Jacks group of agitated and aggressive boys danced with fear and excitement. Since Jack has become so obsessed with hunting, all he could think about mostly was killing. Because while dancing he repeatedly kept saying â€Å"Kill the beast! Cut his throat! Spill his blood! † (Golding 152). And because he build up that mood of violence in himself and his group, when they saw something crawling out of the forest, and was coming towards them, they all thought it was the beast and killed it without even making sure. Simon was crying out something about a dead man on a hill. † (Golding 152). It is was Simon that they killed not the beast. Jack is responsible for Simon murder because he misleaded the his group in thinking it was the beast. Jack is also responsible for the murder of Piggy, an overweight asthmatic boy about 8 years in age, who cannot see without his glasses represents physical weakness and mental strength. His glasses, however, help illustrate his intellectual strength, his ability to think situations over logically and use reason, rather than emotions to decide upon important dilemmas. Because piggy was always in Ralph’s side, Jack didn’t treat piggy well he was always made fun of. Jack knew piggy had vision problem and that he couldn’t see without glasses. But Jack still stole the glasses of piggy’s face, for him to build fire. Because of Jack influence in the group most of them want to be like him so when Piggy and Ralph comes to ask for piggy’s glasses back, Ralph and Jack fight for a second time. Piggy cries out shrilly, struggling to make himself heard over the brawl. As Piggy tries to speak, hoping to remind the group of the importance of rules and rescue, â€Å" high over-head, oger, with a sense of delirious abandonment leaned all his weight on the lever† (Golding 180). Roger shoves a massive rock down the mountainside. Ralph, who hears the rock falling, dives and dodges it. But the boulder strikes Piggy, shatters the conch shell he is holding, and knocks him off the mountainside to his death on the rocks below. Jack throws his spear at Ralph, and the other boys quickly join in. Just like Macbeth even Jack is fully covered with evil he wanted to also kill Ralph at the end but he couldn’t. Jack estroyed the island by burning it, hunger for power lead him into a total failure. He couldn’t lead the group in a peaceful manner. As seen in Macbeth and Jack hunger for power is the driving force in one’s life. They couldn’t control emotions, desires, and greed until they were devoured by it. An important lesson that can be learned from Macbeth and Jack is that Ambition has driven evil spirits, which will not die until ones dreams are accomplished. And to get through that dream it will lead one into betraying their friends, and murdering. Therefore hunger for power leads to ones downfall.

LOM Assignment

â€Å"Lung conditions caused by 9/11† Write about the different types of lung conditions being found as a result of 9/11. We all remember the effects of this horrible day on September 11, 2001; but what we don’t know is the effects it still had on so many after the tragedy ended. When the towers of the World Trade Center collapsed it produced a dense could of smoke and vaporized concrete and drywall. New York City Fire Department rescue workers were exposed to polluted air- as well as dust and diesel exhaust that accompanied the rescues effort, this had reduced there lung function in weeks and months following the attack.Now a new study in the â€Å"New England Journal of Medicine† report that the lung impairment they observed in the rescue workers appears to be lasting. Firefighters, Emergency Medical personnel continued to have decreased lung function up to seven years after 9/11. They found most of this group suffered from â€Å"Chronic Bronchitis, Asthma, Lu ng Cancer, Mesothelioma, Tuberculosis, and Sarcoidosis† (especially prevalent among recovery and clean-up workers); 9/11 also exposed some people to having GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disorder) they addressed these declines with regular monitoring and aggressive treatment.In 2001 and 2002 the lung function of more than 12,000 fire fighters, rescue workers who were at Ground Zero had there lung functions measured, comparing the results to lung function tests given to the same group before 9/11 as a part as their department physicals. On average the lung function of the workers declined by an amount equivalent to twelve years of natural aging. In new studies, researchers continued to follow these fire fighters and medical personnel for an average of six years measuring there lung function every twelve to eighteen months to see if the initial decline persisted.They were surprised to find â€Å"little or no† improvement in average lung function, according to the study. Th e persistent decline in lung function has potential short-term consequences, it places them at higher risk for shortness of breath, cough, wheeze and impairments in their ability to exercise and perform physically demanding jobs. A lot of these heroes are now unable to work because of these long term conditions of this horrible tragedy.

Ict And Science As A National Curriculum Subjects Education Essay

In linguistic communication, literacy and communicating kids will be able to speak with assurance, sing vocals, be able to compose and read some words. The counsel believes that larning in this country involves â€Å" communicating, speech production and listening in different state of affairss and for different intents, being read a broad scope of books and reading simple texts and composing for a assortment of intents † . hypertext transfer protocol: //www.preschool.me.uk/goals.php In Mathematical development kids will larn math throughout games and narratives and they will be more comfy with Numberss. Harmonizing to foundation phase counsel, larning in mathematical development country is made up of â€Å" numeration, screening, fiting, seeking forms, doing connexions, recognizing relationships and working with Numberss, forms, infinite and measuring † hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thevillaschoolandnursery.co.uk/school2.htm In Physical development kids will go more skilled at motor and motion of their organic structure. Furthermore, in originative development kids will detect colorss, texture and forms and making things such as doing music. Science contains grasp and cognition of the universe ‘s part in the early twelvemonth foundation stage.A Harmonizing to foundation phase counsel this learning country must include â€Å" activities based on first manus experiences that encourage geographic expedition, observation job resolution, anticipation, critical thought, determination devising and treatment † hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thevillaschoolandnursery.co.uk/school2.htm The mathematical, scientific discipline and linguistic communication development countries will so be sorted into early larning aims in order to warrant that what the bulk of kids are expected to achieve at the terminal of the foundation phase The course of study support is designed â€Å" to assist practicians plan to run into the diverse demands of all kids so that most will accomplish and some, where appropriate, will travel beyond the early acquisition ends by the terminal of the foundation phase † . ( Tassoni, P 2005 ) In the early twelvemonth foundation phase, the practician ‘s chief function is to promote kids to larn and accomplish independency, they must plan important activities and need do certain that every spot of activities are comprehensive to all children.A Acoording to Macleod-Brudenell, ( 2004 ) , everybody has to be included in the planning and work together. Parents/ practicians must often acquire together and discourse to convey up to day of the month every kid ‘s profile in order to give a distinguished and efficient course of study to run into the assorted demands of immature individuals.National course of studyThe Curriculum counsel which links to the instruction period that shortly follows after the Foundation phase is the National Curriculum. The National Curriculum is aimed at kids from the age of 5 to 16. It was foremost set up late in 1988 for primary and secondary schools. To get down with, the National Curriculum is a design used by all schools that are run by the authorities in England, its end is to attest that acquisition and instruction is well-balanced and dependable across the state. The standard of the National Curriculum is puting out topics that are traveling to be taught within schools, the rules or achiev ement marks in every topic are what instructors use to estimate the kid ‘s betterment, and the methods in which a kid ‘s advancement is assessed is through studies. At cardinal phases 1 and 2 in the national course of study the statutory topics that every pupils should analyze are design and engineering, information and communicating engineering, art and design, history, English, geographics, physical instruction, , mathematics, scientific discipline, Religious instruction and music. However, Science, Maths and English are considered as the National Curriculum ‘s chief topics. The map of the Foundation phase Curriculum is support for the National Curriculum in the countries within the Foundation phase Guidance communicating, literacy, linguistic communication, mathematical sweetening, general cognition and a good apprehension of the universe. These are all in line with the aims inside the model for learning maths, literacy and scientific discipline at degree 1 of the National Curriculum. hypertext transfer protocol: //curriculum.qcda.gov.uk/key-stages-1-and-2/Difference in EYFS and national course of studyHarmonizing to Macleod-Brudenell, ( 2004 ) , the early twelvemonth foundation phase concentrates on the procedure led theoretical account, nevertheless the National Curriculum concentrates on the Content Led theoretical account in order to promote kids to take an effectual duty in society every bit good as supplying them with accomplishments, cognition and apprehension.The construction of the National Curriculum is different to foundation phase. For illustration in the national course of study, it ‘s the determination of schools to take how they want organise their school course of study to include the programmes of survey.â€Å" The programmes of survey ( the Education Act 1996 ) , set out what students should be taught in each topic at each cardinal phase, and supply the footing for be aftering strategies of work. When planning, schools should besides see t he four general instruction demands ( usage of linguistic communication, usage of ICT and wellness and safety and inclusion ) that apply across the programmes of survey † . hypertext transfer protocol: //czone.eastsussex.gov.uk/sites/gtp/library/professional/Documents/induction/The % 20Structure % 20of % 20the % 20National % 20Curriculum.pdf In the national course of study, national makings are the most of import methods of clear uping accomplishments in National Curriculum topics. Most of pupils will hold to stay working at degrees 1-3 in the first cardinal phase and so accomplish degree 2 by the terminal of the cardinal phase, at degrees 2-5 in cardinal phase pupils achieve degree 4 by the terminal and degrees 3-7 at cardinal phase 3, degrees 5/6 will be attained by the shutting phases of the cardinal phase. hypertext transfer protocol: //curriculum.qcda.gov.uk/key-stages-1-and-2/Values-aims-and-purposes/about-the-primary-curriculum/index.aspxIn the national course of study, instructors must do a program of survey and the capablenesss of their pupils. And so they need to describe one time a twelvemonth at the terminal of each cardinal phase to parents to discourse the betterments of pupils.the major difference in foundation phase and the national course of study is that there are tonss of activities that are available for kids in foundation phase, chiefly everything they learn is through activities and drama, for illustration scientific discipline at foundation phase is introduced to kids throughout drama and activities that encourage them what they need physically and what they need to make to detect in order to research the universe around them, this is called cognition and apprehension of the universe. They will besides be encouraged to foretell, do determinations, work out jobs and b elieve. Every spot of activities and drama in foundation phase countries of the national course of study helps kids to develop physically and creatively. However in the national course of study the survey is acquiring harder and instructors are rigorous about survey towards students. The most of import focal point of the foundation phase course of study is to fix pupils for the following degree which is traveling to a primary school by the age of five. It observes the kid as â€Å" active scholars † and â€Å" going a student † . Throughout the early twelvemonth foundation phase the scholar ‘s accomplishment is measured all the manner through formal observations, appraisals and cheque lists. This is called the Foundation Stage Profile. There are no marks of peculiar proving in foundation phase in contrast the national course of study which kids have to be assessed for every topic at the terminal of each cardinal phase in order to see how the kid is come oning. A There are some alterations that occur which kids experience when they leave foundation phase and travel up to identify phase 1. These include distancing from drama to work activities, they will besides travel from thematic to capable activities, and besides they ‘ll see more formal method of instruction.Importance of scientific discipline as a national course of studyThe national course of study promotes the significance of Science to assist kids to derive cognition and apprehension of the universe around them. It is because of scientific discipline that kids find the ground for expected â€Å" phenomenon † that they see in their mundane life. It does hold a monolithic influence on the universe and it besides helps keep the good health of people. Furthermore, Science teaches about cooperation and struggle managing, it helps people in holding strong communicating accomplishments. For case, when giving description on a research, pupils have to utilize appropriate research and communications accomplishments. This afterwards will be functional, as it promotes personal relationships. It ‘s besides throughout scientific discipline that kids gain cognition in relation to covering with conflicting point of position, and besides let go ofing when to collaborate with others and work on their ain. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.truthinscience.org.uk/site/content/view/24/45/ Furthermore, larning about scientific discipline helps them to be more accountable and a more responsible society, this is because they ‘ll larn how to believe crucially and besides they ‘ll hold a better apprehension on how things function in the universe ; hence, they would be able to do appropriate determinations and do a healthier and more unafraid environment.The importance of ICT as a national course of studyThe National Curriculum besides promotes the significance of ICT across the course of study. Information and communications engineering is by and large anything that uses electricity. For illustration: computing machine, picture, Television and etc. Schools have a major duty in developing ICT ability. Numerous facets of ICT are critical for all schools. These are include: the significance of spread outing ICT accomplishments to develop apprehension of the persons and the society as a whole, to be able to administer ideas and work as a squad, the ability to derive accomplishments and cognition throughout a scope of methods and techniques, and besides to do the most usage of ICT to keep instruction and acquisition across the course of study. Presents in all schools Children of the immature age need assorted cognition of ICT if they want to be successful in their future life. The most of import purpose of national course of study by seting ICT along states is to develop kids ‘s accomplishments, cognition and attitudes in association to communications and information engineering. It ‘s besides to promote them to develop their assurance, ego regard and apprehension in utilizing ICT and supply them with quick and researchable entree to great sum of information. Furthermore, to assist them to decide jobs, analyze on their ain and to pass on and collaborate with other people and better their communicating accomplishments. hypertext transfer protocol: //curriculum.qcda.gov.uk/new-primary-curriculum/essentials-for-learning-and-life/ICT-capability/ICT-across-the-curriculum/index.aspxReception programFor the subject of scientific discipline I have done an activity with kids aged 4 to 5 old ages old in response category, to advance their apprehension and cognition of scientific discipline, the World around them and how it works. 6 kids took portion in the activity. The activity was based on mini animals, which is a scientific discipline topic within the foundation phase course of study. Mini beasts include ladybugs, spiders, caterpillars, butterflies, etc. The lesson was in relation to what they eat, where they live and where we can happen them. This activity was based on scientific discipline ; nevertheless it supports kids in developing their apprehension and cognition in other countries of the curriculum as-well such as: maths, art, ICT, communicating and linguistic communication. Mathematicss: I asked kids to number mini animals on the smart board and so I asked them to number how many legs they have. ICT: I used Information Communication Technology to pull up mini animals on the smart board and encouraged kids to come and pull mini animals on the smart board and so compensate their name next to images. Communication: I encouraged kids to discourse what they eat and where they live Art: I asked kids to pull mini animals on a piece of apparent paper and so utilize coloring material pencil to color them in. I feel that the kids learned a batch from this activity as they had n't yet done the scientific discipline course of study ; therefore they have n't got much apprehension and cognition on scientific discipline and the universe around them. I feel that this activity promoted the kids ‘s acquisition and development in the course of study every bit good as promoted their communicating, linguistic communication and usage of ICT. However, some of the kids needed extra support. This activity was really educational for the kids, taking portion in it has supported them in increasing their apprehension.Personal contemplationBy making this lesson I learned how to be after and use activities for the right phase and age of the kids that I will work with. I besides gained cognition of how to collaborate with kids during the activity and how to measure their acquisition. I ‘ve learned how to back up the kids who may necessitate it and how to make resources and put up activities suited for them. This activity besides helped me in deriving assurance and improved my communicating accomplishments. Furthermore, it helped me derive experience of working with kids and admiting them.Key phase 1 lesson programI besides planned another scientific discipline activity for kids age 7 old ages olds within the national course of study. The activity involves natural philosophies which will increase kids ‘s apprehension and cognition of scientific discipline, every bit good as deriving a good apprehension of how conduction and circuitry plants. What I ‘m traveling to make is to learn kids that in order for a circuit to work decently there must be no spread in the circuit so the electricity can blemish. For this lesson the kids will hold an independent pick on which the equipments they can think that would carry on electricity. Harmonizing to national course of study counsel â€Å" Children should be taught that it is of import to roll up grounds by doing observations and measurings when seeking to reply a inquiry. † It is indispensable to educate kids how to look into and research because it helps them to decide jobs and to hold an reply to their ain inquiries. It will besides assist them to work out any jobs that they may confront in the hereafter. For this activity I will take my laptop to the category and demo kids how electricity flows and so I will pull up the circuit on the smart board and explicate to kids that within the plastic coating there is a wire which conducts electricity. I will besides give illustrations of other stuffs that can carry on electricity. The following program which I provided for kids is a computing machine game, so what I am traveling to make is promote kids to take portion in a computing machine game activity. The activity will be to inquire kids to press a button on a keyboard to travel objects, and when they press the button the objects will travel, by making this they will come to cognize that electricity current base on ballss through a wire which causes the object on the screen to travel. This activity will advance kids ‘s communicating as they discuss and ask inquiries such as: why? How? What will go on if? And besides promote them to foretell of what ‘s traveling to go on before they do it. They will besides recognize whether the trial was just or non. By the terminal of the lesson kids will be able to cognize that chiefly metal points conduct electricity. They ‘ll besides derive cognition that largely all electrical conduction is non linked toA coloring material, weight, size and texture.Personal contemplationBy making this activity I will larn how to collaborate with kids and program scientific discipline activity to spread out their apprehension about natural philosophies.I will besides place the demands of the single kid, some possibly will necessitate excess support. Furthermore, in the activity which I planned for kids, I ‘ll demo good apprehension of anti-bias pattern and anti discriminatory.EvaluationI feel that by making this activity for kids I will finish my purposes because kids will hold a good apprehension of electricity and conduction every bit good as they will bask the activity excessively. They will widen their basic apprehension and cognition of the universe around them. They will besides larn which s tuffs can carry on electricity and which can non. They will besides place that even though the electrical conduction is non something to be seen but it ‘s something which is present and needed for every twenty-four hours life.

Fieldwork papaer Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Fieldwork papaer - Assignment Example This topic was chosen because, personally speaking, a discovery of something interesting, especially when unexpected, is always welcome and appreciated. Also, a review of the notes done during the fieldwork shows several insights on the interplay of the social, economic, and human capitals that made the Solano Canyon Community Garden a possibility. Community gardens create a sense of camaraderie among the people in a community while providing a new method of growing food. It is possible that the sustainability of the positive results of the community garden can be ensured if its causes are maintained and looked after. The fieldwork approach for this research can be described as under contemporary anthropology, where the research method involves an extensive fieldwork featuring participant observation coupled with interpersonal interviews. This approach can also be called ethnography. Fieldwork is a good method for this research because it: a) helps get the â€Å"feel† of a place, b) helps to get to understand a society from the inside, and; c) provides the observational, factual basis for generalizations (OToole, Paddy, and Prisca 619). Observation was the initial method used to explore the possible topics and issues. Also, field notes were used to so that even the smallest details were jotted down. For interviews, casual conversations were the starting-point. Interview notes were used and interviewees were addressed on a first-name basis, with the permission of the interviewee. The whole set-up was very jovial, warm, and casual that no one seemed to want to be addressed too formally. A few asked â€Å"not to be quoted† on certain issues that they personally deem as sensitive, and to exercise balance on the overall research, it is decided that everyone would just be under a pseudonym, except for the Master Gardener Al Renner. It is

Pirates of Globalization Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Pirates of Globalization - Term Paper Example The researcher states that in an era of globalization and fast dissemination of information, fraudulent manufacturers employ sophisticated means of acquiring patented information and exploit it for commercial gain. As Catherine Holahan notes in her article for Business Week, pirated goods now account for nearly 7 percent of all commercial activity across the world. Developing economies such as India, China, Brazil and Russia are proving to be hotbeds for this trend as Intellectual Property laws are either vague or poorly developed here. Moreover, in the era of the Internet, online commercial transactions across borders are especially difficult to bring under the purview of cyber law, as there is no consensus between different participant nations. It is due to this reason that Digital Rights Management (DRM) has been conceived and implemented. The researcher of this essay looks into some of the mechanisms for protecting Inellectual Property rights, especially that of DRM. The research er then analyzes the modern era of globalization, where intellectual property rights face their greatest threat through the open and free transmission of information in the cyber world. The case for enterprise DRM is synonymous with the case for a well-articulated, role-based technology and data protection policy. It is then concluded that DRM simply moves the point of data security from that of the network hardware or the computer software down to the individual document, or even right down to document-based operations.

Evaluating Course Management Systems (CMS) Vendors Assignment

Evaluating Course Management Systems (CMS) Vendors - Assignment Example CMS aids organizations in managing content deployed through the internet. Organizations use web CMS in integrating the presence of their web with their other operations (Deo, 2010). This ensures that the content is current, relevant and refreshed. CMS also allows business to gain greater return and extract value from web channel, web communication and web marketing endeavors (Deo, 2010). This paper seeks to identify three CMS vendors, and compare and contrast their purchase and maintenance cost. This paper will identify three Course Management Systems Vendors; compare and contrast the functions and explain how they meet the needs and expectation of users. The first CMS vendor is the Database Vendors. This vendor include dynamic websites in which content is stored and separated from other particulars like format, style, supporting data and access rights. For example the Oracle which has had their own CMS offerings developed. This type of CMS vendor is expensive compared to the others if both maintenance and purchase. Database Vendors have understated and significant misalignment consumer group who has restricted their success in the product class (Deo, 2010). The customer model also has direct access to competent trained IT professionals who directly communicate within the organization to content producers. The second CMS vendor is the Internet Service Provider; this includes website hosting and registration of commodity business with competent and intense price which also allows switching costs. Businesses using this vendor are mainly interested in means of adding value to customers and help in what may avoid switching between vendors. This CMS vendor delivers products of content management and site building and delivery of site hosting, domain registration and site development. The products of this vendor are however conceived poorly because they are not the major game of the operation. Purchase and maintenance costs are however relatively low compared to Data base Vendors (Deo, 2010). The third CMS vendor is the Enterprise CMS Majors. This includes vendors like Vignette and EMC Documentation which produces document management among other manipulation tools and content aggregation. This vendor is used in managing non-web content. The vendor suits organizations moving documents for collaborative authoring within the organization for carefully publishing and version control (Deo, 2010). The vendor then allows content to be expanded and published in the internet. However, the application’s development path makes them completely proprietary and complicated. Installation of Enterprise CMS Major requires change management, extended timeline, financial expense, detailed training, and a committed organization in order to ensure success. This makes the cost of purchase and maintenance relatively high compared to the other types of vendors (Deo, 2010). Generally, all the three discussed CMSs are effective and meet the needs of users in vario us ways. The users benefit from these three CMSs due to their features such as: production of web pages (Chaudhari, 2009). They produce, edit and deploy web pages; systemization of web pages; turns production and web management into a system of activities delivering efficiency; simplification of website production activities. They internalize technical, communication and design complexity in the production of websites; user management as they manage users at different levels. It regulates who sees what on the site and who can edit and

The Competitive Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Competitive Environment - Essay Example Going back further in time, it was a United States government-funded research project some sixty years ago called the ARPANET that eventually gave rise to the present Internet. It was originally a defense-related project of the Advanced Research Project Agency of the U.S. military to develop a wide-area network of communications that is redundant and designed to withstand a nuclear attack during the Cold War period. It was developed at great cost but the American government saw it fit to give it away for free for civilian uses, similar to the so-called Star Wars Project or the Strategic Defense Initiative which is the precursor to the global positioning system (GPS) used widely in most consumer electronic devices such as mobile phones. The main brains behind the ARPANET was a guy named Vannevar Bush who foresaw an information overload that many people experience. It was first brought up in an article he wrote in which he argued for some form of oversight or a content curator who will see to it that information published on the Web is credible, reliable, and trustworthy; anybody can publish anything without proper verification, and Web content is crucial when people go on-line to look for some information they need. This paper is a discussion of the role that search engines or browsers play when people search or look for information on the Web. Search engines perform a crucial function in this regard as it determines what the search results will be. Although there were many search engines that preceded today's giant Google, the way the search process was performed was very different back then but Google managed to alter everything through its highly-secret algorithm. An end result of this new way of conducting the search is that Google wholly dominates the market. Discussion Google has closely guarded its secret algorithm that produces search engine results, which it rightfully considers as proprietary in nature. As more and more people get connected on-line, di gital presence is essential for business firms to survive. Google has dominated this market in just ten-years' time because it altered the way how browsers crawl the vast Internet for the information typed in by people on their search box. Previously, search engines looked for the titles of articles only or the Web addresses of Internet sites but Google's process does it much differently, by looking at the actual content of Web pages posted on the Internet. This had big or profound effects, one of which was lower the price of a unique domain name considerably. The new search process led to search engine optimization techniques that try to influence the search results being produced but Google changes its algorithm to obviate this technique. It is important to do this occasionally to have unbiased results based on page rankings. Landing on top of page rankings has considerable business consequence because people tend to look only at the first few top results and ignore other lower-ra nked results. This also has a considerable effect on the profits of Google which relies on on-line advertising revenues to a big extent and indirectly, on the businesses that advertise on-line as more people shift to their purchases through on-line transactions because of improvements in Internet security such as the use of the secure-socket layer (SSL) that encrypts crucial personal information. Google came to dominate the search engine market

Textbook Reading Strategies Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Textbook Reading Strategies - Research Paper Example Also, the individual needs to think about any prior knowledge or information about the subject matter before reading. In the second step of question, the individual should read the subject as an exercise of critical thinking. The reader should prepare some questions about what information is required to be retrieved from the reading material and accordingly while reading the questions should be put up. Questions can be taken from end of chapter exercise; this allows the process of reading to be done with concentration as one is finding the answers to the question while reading. The third step is to read. The individual should carefully read all the material of the chapter paragraph by paragraph and ensure that nothing is missed. All the sections that are not clear in the first attempt of reading should be re-read. When unclear sections are re-read, the paragraph becomes clear and the reader understands what the section is about The fourth step is to record, once the individual has thoroughly read the chapter then now it is time to make notes for each section. The notes can be made for each of the headings of the chapter. Notes should be formed of the main points being discussed in each section. Notes should be such that when the reader reviews the notes, it should not be necessary to read the section again as all the main points of the section should be included in the notes. The fifth step is to recite. In this step, the individual should recite aloud the information gathered from each section of the chapter. By reciting the reading material aloud, one is able to store the information for a long term in their memory. Also the individual should explain the concepts of the chapter to someone else as this would ensure that the reader has understood everything. While explaining it to other, the reader would be able to recall many other things

Triangle Fire Reflection Occupational Health and Safety as a Community Movie Review

Triangle Fire Reflection Occupational Health and Safety as a Community Health Issue - Movie Review Example The conditions at work were still worse such as absence of safety precautions, few ventilation mechanisms; lack of fire drills, and poor fire exits i.e. locked doors. The triangle fire broke out probably as a result of a mishandled lit cigarette or tossed match which led to an outbreak of fire on the building’s eight floor. Huge flames of fire lit up and spread quickly throughout the building. The factory’s poor conditions of the floor greatly influenced the start of the fire. The top management team were immediately notified of the accident and quickly escaped. However, the situation was unknown till late for workers on the ninth floor who continued their work until they saw fumes of smoke. This caused panic; some run to the stairwell only to be blocked by intensifying flames. Some few were able to use the elevator and others crowded the little fire escape which unfortunately crumbled due to the excessive weight crushing almost 100ft to the ground. Unfortunately the remaining exit was a locked door whose key was carried by a foreman who did nothing to help the situation. Some of the workers resulted in jumping through the windows of the now fully fire encroached building. The fire outbreak led to the loss of the lives of 146 workers. The fire department also is to blame for the loss of life. The response to the fire outbreak was slow and ineffective. Proper strategies were not in place to save lives since some people resulted in jumping through the windows. The department failed initially to ascertain that the factory had adhered to safety standards. The triangle fire served as an important benchmark for future laws regarding fire safety standards. It influenced immensely on the formulation of safety laws across the states regarding safety in the workplace. The tradition negligence of the employees’ safety in the workplace by the

Developing a Shared Vision Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Developing a Shared Vision - Essay Example g the healthcare industry, healthcare leaders are changing and adjusting to new measures to enable them lead the healthcare organizations they are leading. Healthcare leaders in the modern healthcare industry face a vast array of challenges, from layoffs because of reducing revenues, staff shortages, re - organization in response to merging of consolidation services, poor job satisfaction rates resulting in Turnover to poor performance outcomes leading to a reduction in Medicare Reimbursement Dollars. In the past, healthcare leaders have not faced so many issues as now. Due to these issues, healthcare leaders have resulted to certain skills, individual features and leadership features to enable them mitigate the challenges faced. As the manger of an ancillary service department at a large, 500 + bed hospital, several challenges have affected the ancillary service department. These challenges include staff shortage and layoffs due to declining revenues. This paper describes a proposal directed to staff to address the two issues. Staffs are a vital component of a healthcare’s system unit. Hence, it is important to keep them informed regarding issues that are affecting the hospital so that they are not caught off guard on mitigation measures put in place by the hospital’s management to solve the challenges. Informing staff makes them feel part of the hospital. It boosts their morale in spite of the challenges. The hospital faces two challenges that are staff shortage and layoffs due to reducing revenues. These challenges are not a call to panic or give up. However, they are a call to unity, cohesiveness and adaptation in order to overcome them as valuable contributors to the day-to-day running of the hospital and healthcare in the country. As you all know, both of these challenges are not unique to the hospital. They are nationwide issues. However, as a hospital, the management would like to take its own initiative to mitigate these issues. Staff shortage in

NORMALIZATION AND SQL DDL STATEMENTS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

NORMALIZATION AND SQL DDL STATEMENTS - Essay Example Atomicity ensures that no incomplete transactions are ever executed by the system which ensures the state of data always remains stable despite any hardware/software failures. Consistency ensures that only those transactions will execute that do not violate any of the database consistency rules which ensures data remains valid. Isolation ensures uninterrupted single transaction processing e.g. the concurrent transaction requests are handled serially i.e. one transaction at a time. Durability ensures that transactions are logged and therefore transactions can be rolled back at any time. Database normalization is a set of guidelines that helps in organizing data efficiently which improves the overall performance of a DBMS. It helps remove data redundancy (does not allow duplicate data storage in multiple tables) which in turn reduces the space consumed by database. Furthermore, it improves data consistency by allowing only sensible and logical data dependencies between tables (e.g. a table stores only data that is related). There are five normal forms of database; 1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF and 4NF. Mostly, normalization till the third form is enough for most database system applications. 1NF helps eliminate duplicate column from a table and identifies unique column(s) i.e. through primary key. 2NF separates data subsets into separate tables forming foreign keys. And 3NF ensures all columns in a table are dependent only on the primary key. The exercise helped in understanding the concept of ACID model and offered a hands-on approach to designing and optimizing a database design. It helped in practicing the application of the most widely used normalization guidelines on a previously formed database model. Furthermore, it also helped practice the DDL statements involved in the actual creation of a database application in

Ethical behavior principle Essay Example for Free

Ethical behavior principle Essay The behavior of each and every person is control by moral and the guiding principles. This is normally portrayed in our daily usual acts, and hence shaping of our ethical behavior is critical in the making sound decision and upholds the trust of the public. A successful business is only possible if there is a strong and profound held value. Most companies will set up strategy of coming up with the required values in order to attract their prospective clients, manage their workers, and attained the expected development of the company. The guiding principles of ethical behaviors which these companies will struggle to uphold are based on the values. According to American Psychological Association, (1953) these values include beneficence and nonmaleficence, fidelity and responsibility, integrity, justice, respects for people’s rights, and dignity. Coordination and active participation of the workers will be of great importance in attracting the attention of the clients. In any organization, leaders will continually strive to ensure that their company achieved its standard. Their main aim is to make sure that the rights of the employees are taken care of, and that the company in general performs well at all cost. In order to achieve this, their actions will be guided by the ethical values which will assist them in the decision making processes (Leal, 1998).

Complications of Post Angioplasty Bleeding

Complications of Post Angioplasty Bleeding Introduction This paper is aiming to identified the potential complication of post angioplasty bleeding and abrupt closure of coronary artery base on the case of Elizabeth Green from caseworld and explore the issue in depth and widen horizon. Relevant nursing decisions and recommendations of post angioplasty care will be provided and discussed which is based on clinical guideline of the University of Minnesota Hospital and Clinic(UMHC). This article is structured into three aspects which are indications of the percutaneous coronary angioplasty and Mrs Green’s data, evidence-supported nursing interventions for bleeding prevention and evaluation of the interventions regarding to ANMC competency elements. The determine progress of individual plan and quality improvement of unique care will be presented. Indication of the percutaneous coronary angioplasty and Mrs Green’s case data Apart from a very small percentage of individuals who has difficulties to pass the guide wire or the balloon catheter through the narrow artery, 90%-95% of patients can be effectively relieved from coronary arterial obstruction after the percutaneous coronary angioplasty. Percutaneous coronary angioplasty is a non surgical treatment offered to patient with coronary artery disease, the major aim of this procedure is to increase the arterial lumen size and allow greater blood flow. A ballon tipped catheter is used to split and reshape the atheromatous material, pushing it to the artery wall therefore more blood can be transferred through the particular artery. Abrupt closure of the dilated coronary artery and bleeding are two uncommon but possible complications for Elizabeth Green within the very first few hours post angioplasty. The cause of abrupt closure varies, it can be due to combination of dissection of the inner lining of artery , thrombosis and spasm at the balloon site. As to assist in preventing thrombosis formulation during or post percutaneous coronary intervention, oral anticoagulant medication including aspirin will be administered to avoid platelets from adhering the artery wall and stimulating blood clotting. To further prevent blood clotting, intravenous heparin or synthetic analogues of heparin molecule can be given to the patients. The anticoagulant drugs can help reduce the risk of abrupt closure however can contribute to increasing risk of post angioplasty bleeding. Giving the fact that Mrs Green’s gender, age, past history of unstable angina and episode of heart attacks make her at high risk for bleeding or bruise on the puncture site. The femoral sheath is funnel-shaped and consist of femoral artery, femoral vein and lymphatic, If there is a bleeding in the femoral sheath, it can spread to the abdominal wall follow the wall of the sheath. There will form a continuation of the transversalis fascia and the femoral sheath can directly connect to the anterior abdominal wall. Differ from bleeding to abdominal wall there is another kind of post angioplasty bleeding named rectus sheath hematoma (RSH). The damage or tear to the superior or inferior epigastric arteries can result in bleeding into the rectus sheath. In many case of major bleeding,RSH can also lead to other complication including multiorgan dysfunction and abdominal compartment syndrome Even the fact that RSH has not been detected post a PTA procedure, when patient present episode of acute abdominal pain, RSH can be considered as a differential diagnosis. evidence-supported nursing interventions for bleeding prevention Following Angioplasty After the procedure, pressure is required to apply on the site for about 5-10mintues in order to close off the insertion holes in the arteries. Patient will be positioned to lie on their back with gauze dressing taped to the site for 4-6 hours. 4-6 hour is proper for normal blood clotting seals the hole in the artery. On the other hand, patient need to be assessed for recurring chest pain which indicate the procedure artery is re-closed, bleeding at the groin site and symptoms of dye-induced kidney damage. Guideline for the nursing care of a patient after percutaneous coronary angioplasty The word ‘guideline’ is chosen rather than ‘standard’ is because clarify of term help in avoiding potential legal consequence. Literature has shown that, in a malpractice suit, standards may be used by plaintiff against hospital. Standards could be misconstrued for inappropriate purpose. In real case, if a patient is required a nurse to monitor observation every 15minutes in the first hour post angioplasty, legally the nursing staff can be charged for not implement the standard, even the nurse is considering patients’ urgent priorities. The term guidelines means those strategies are for quality improving and goals promoting for patient care. Nurse can remain independent nursing decision depend on patient’s individual circumstance. Nursing intervention for caring post angioplasty patient 1.Vital signs should be monitored and documented every 15 minutes in the first hour post procedure then every 30 minutes for 2 hours, every hour for 4 hours then 4 hourly observation.Do not use automatic blood pressure cuff. 2. While doing each of vital signs, assess patient femoral site, symptoms of oozing , swelling and increasing pain show signs of hematoma. Especially when patient is coughing, sneezing, vomiting and flexing position on bed etc, there is a high risk of bleeding. 3. If necessary or ordered, exam and monitor patient’s coagulation test result and hemoglobin studies, usually it is done every 4-6 hours. 4 Follow prescribed regimen to perform anticoagulation therapy (goal is to have partial thromboplastin time 50-100) 5 Put a blanket over patient’s extremity and tuck the end under mattress so patient’s groin site can be immobilize however pressure area like ankle and heel should be protected by putting towels under 6 Movement of the patient need to be minimized. Only move the patient bed to bed once. Avoid weighting patient unless ordered by fellow. When patient need to toilet, use bedpan and turn patient away from the procedure site same with lying on the bed always preferred on the side away from procedure site. If the patient need to change position, educate patient to ask for assistance 7 Procedure site need to remain straight at the hips through out the process Educate patient not to extend and bend their limb. 8 Educate patient to cover their groin site when they coughs and sneezes. 9 Check patient medication history if he is on anticoagulant and provide assessment to the fellow for considerations. 10 Do not perform unnecessary venipunctures or intravenous insertions ,intramuscular and subcutaneous injection only if the coagulation value is normal. Instruct the patient on all the above precautions and cares 11 When patient present bleeding, hold pressure on arterial venous puncture site as longer as the bleeding seems to stop usually take 20 minutes or more. Avoid using sandbag or pressure dressing unless ordered by physician. 12 Report and contact intern for any presenting bleeding or potential bleeding. . The PTCA fellow should be notified by the intern 13 Maintain transparent dressing to site at all times. In patient’s discharge planning, health provider need to provide education pack of self-care of angioplasty and long-term care for coronary disease, these contribute in of complication of angioplasty and further cardiac issue. For example in this education pack instruction need to be provided including when they can recovery to normal activity, in the few day post angioplasty, heavy lifting and strong exercise should be avoided hence the femoral site can heal properly and if patient detect early symptoms who should they contact and what do they need to report to the G.P For patients who have been prescribed with aspirin or other antiplatelet medication post angioplasty, they need to be informed what are the medication the patient must take and the purpose.Usually when stent has been implanted, patient will be administered clopedigrol(Plavix) once a day for within 2-4 weeks time. This medication is an potent aspirin-like drug which help reduce the clot formulation around the stent during the first week after the procedure. To avoid life-threatening complication, clopedigrol is a good prevention and patient should bring this medication before they discharged as prescribed. Specially for those patient who had medication history of anticoagulant to treat chest pain caused by the blockage, they can be resistant to the effects of aspirin thus regular blood examination is required to monitor patient’s response to anticoagulant and the doctor can adjust the dosage of aspirin or change the medication. Family support for the patient is essential in the recovery process, specially for elderly client who live alone, family visit help in early detection of complication and maintain of patient’s regular social function. EVALUATION OF QUALITY CARE Firstly if the nursing goal is achieved, clinical outcome directly match to effort, according to ANMC competence it is the nurses responsibility to fulfill duty of care and prevent harm to the patient for example, quickly identify bleeding in the post angioplasty patient. Secondly, practises in accordance with profession framework, understand clinical guideline and perform excellence quality of nursing care, for example, Avoid venipunctures on the post angioplasty patient. Thirdly, demonstrate analytical skills in accessing and and collecting patient’s data. In the case of the post angioplasty patient, this can be like assess patient on their procedure site and vital signs to and make independent nursing judgment to meet quality care. Based on the ANMC competency, nurse need to be able to identify individual and other team member’s responsibilities. Example is the when there occur bleeding, the nurse should contact the intern for bleeding and report relevant assessment and information. What’s more, nurse need to use evidence-based practice and give patient step by step instructions for performing a task, for example with the onset of bleeding from groin site post angioplasty, nurse need to put on gloves and hold pressure on the sheath site for approximately 20 minutes or more. Last but not least set up individual care plan for patient base on their preference and clinical objectives to meet unique demand of the patient. Conclusion Post angioplasty bleeding can be life threatening complication hence it is important for the health provider to monitor and assess early symptoms for internal or external bleeding. To practice within clinical guide benefit in prevention of the complication however individual situation should be considered and nurse need to make independent decision. Clinical guideline is aiming to improvement of quality of care thus evaluation of clinical outcome and feedback from patient play a role in improving practice.

Differences between Windows Version 1.0.2 and 1.0.3:

Differences between Windows Version 1.0.2 and 1.0.3: Windows version Changes between 1.0.2 and 1.0.3: Video outputs: * Fix video quality when resizing the video on Windows Vista and 7, due to regressions in most popular drivers * New deinterlacers modules based on yadif and yadif(x2) algorithms Decoders: * Windows version supports now natively the WMA Professional codec, as it didnt work in the packaged version of 1.0.2 * Fix downmixing of particual 4.0 AC-3 audio tracks Encoders: * x264 has profile-limitter, like: #transcode{vcodec=h264,venc=x264{profile=baseline,level=12}..} Input: * Update for appletrailers lua script * Fixes on the RAR stream filter * Fix for E-AC3 in ATSC/TS streams * Various fixes for v4l and v4l2 * Fix a crash in mjpeg demuxer Service discovery: * New udev module for linux Qt4 interface: * Fixes on the playlist and the stream output panels Translations: * French, Galician, Korean, Polish, Russian, Romanian, Slovak and Ukrainian updates Changes between 1.0.1 and 1.0.2: Decoders: * Native support for WMA Professional, without the use of the Win32 dlls * Fix issues in subtitles, especially SSA ones * Various fixes on theora and ogg Demuxers: * Various fixes for EPG support in MPEG-TS demuxer * Fixes for potential stack overflow in .avi, .mp4 and .asf demuxers Access: * Fixes for v4l2 devices * Fixes for dvb-c channels-scanning Qt Interface: * Fix some playlist sorting issues Mac OS X Interface: * Fixed a crash when updating VLC * Fixed a crash related to QTKit when opening video files (10.6 only) * Added the ability to play 2nd media in sync to the primary item (input-slave) * Added the Quit after Playback feature Mac OS X Port: * The Delete Preferences script is now delivered as a Universal Binary with native code for PowerPC, Intel and Intel 64bit * Full 64bit runtime compatibility on both Mac OS X 10.5 and 10.6 no support for Goom and SDL limited text rendering support This port is still considered as EXPERIMENTAL despite its binary release. Encoders: * MPEG2 transrate stream output removed * x264 default-values closer to x264.exe defaults. * x264 rc-behaviour fixes: if user defines qp-value, CQP-mode is used otherwise if user defines vb=0, CRF-mode is used otherwise ABR-mode is used * x264 set vbv-bufsize/vbv-maxsize better if user hasnt defined these: ABR mode set vbv-max-bitrate=bitrate vbv-bufsize is bitrate * seconds between keyframes (keyint/fps) Playlist: * Lua scripts for Mpora and Vimeo playback Unix builds: * Various fixes to enable 1.0 to build on Solaris and OpenBSD Translations: * New Kazakh and Croatian translations * Lithunanian translation is available on Windows * Galician, Korean, Nepali, Vietnamese, Ukrainian, Brazilian, Arabic and French translation updates Changes between 1.0.0 and 1.0.1: Demuxers: * Fix wmv/asf issues that caused audio to drop * Various fixes for ac3, mp3, dts and stability for wav format * Fix seek in RTSP in conformity to RFC 2326 * Fix Dailymotion access script * Fix crashes in xspf files handler * Fix seeking and timing issues in some flv files on Windows version Access: * Add extra caching for files on network shares * Prevent integer underflow in Real pseudo-RTSP module, discovered by tixxDZ, DZCORE Labs, Algeria Decoders: * Fix seeking in mpeg2 video files * Improve SSA subtitles rendering * Update most codecs for the Windows and Mac version Muxers: * Fix sound recording of .flv files with mp3 audio Qt Interface: * Possibility to change the opacity level of the Fullscreen controller * Fix various crashes and VIDEO_TS folders opening Mac OS X Interface: * Added options to disable support for Apple Remote and Media Keys * Fixed options for Volume, Last.fm password and Subtitle Encoding * Fixed redraw issues when autosizing the video window * Preferences panel now includes help through tool-tips * More reliable Information and Messages panels * Fix various crashes Windows port: * The ZVBI module is now available for Windows, for complete teletext support Translations updates for Brazillian, French, German, Korean, Norwegian Nynorsk, Lithuanian Changes between 0.9.9a and 0.9.10: HTTP Interface: * Fixed default ACL Mac OS X: * Fixed crashes on multi-screen setups * Corrected volume and subtitle encoding options in the Preferences * Improved Information panel behavior, when playlist is not displayed * Fixed QTCapture input support for the latest iSight models * Added a menu-item to unlock the video windows aspect ratio * Fixed redraw issues when autosizing the video window * Updated libpng, libgpg-error, libgcrypt, fribidi Various fixes to the following modules: * access: HTTP, SMB updated and additional access scripts (BBC radio, dailymotion, ) Prevent integer underflow in Real pseudo-RTSP module, discovered by tixxDZ, DZCORE Labs, Algeria * stream out: RTP, RTSP VoD, Mosaic Bridge * decoder: TSCC Changes between 0.9.9a and 1.0.0: Important notes: - * Alsa and OSS audio capture has been removed from the v4l and v4l2 accesses. See Access: for more info. * Support for Mac OS X 10.4.x was dropped due to its technical limitations Playback: * Instantaneous pausing * Frame-by-Frame playback * Finer speed control * On-the-fly recording for all medias * Timeshift for most medias * RTSP trickplay support * Subtitles core improvements and fixes Decoders: * New AES3 (SMPTE 302M) decoder * New Dolby Digital Plus E-AC-3 (A/52b) decoder * New True HD/MLP decoder and parser * New Blu-Ray Linear PCM decoder * New QCELP (Qualcomm PureVoice) decoder * Improved Real Video 3.0 4.0 decoder * New WMA v1/2 fixed point integer decoder * Closed Captions using the SCTE-20 standard are now correctly decoded * Improvement of WavPack decoder to support all integer modes and float mode * Corrections on 5.1 and 7.1 channel decoding and ordering Demuxers: * Support for Dirac, MLP and RealVideo in Matroska files * Major improvements in RealMedia files opening (.rm and .rmvb) * Improvements of the TS demuxer for M2TS files from Blu-Ray and AVCHD * Metadata for mod files are supported * GSM codecs in Wav files are supported * New raw audio demuxer supporting raw PCM streams * New Dirac demuxer for raw Dirac streams Encoders: * Dirac encoding using libdirac (supported in Ogg and in TS) * Shine mp3 fixed-point encoder Access: * RTSP authentication with Darwin Streaming Server * On-the-fly gzip and bzip2 file decompression (except on Windows) * Playback for video in uncompressed multi-RAR archives * DVB-S and ATSC cards support on Windows * New OSS and Alsa accesses. The v4l2 and v4l modules no longer support OSS or Alsa audio input. Use input-slave alsa:// or oss:// if needed. * DVB scanning on linux * EXPERIMENTAL Blu-Ray Disc and AVCHD Folders support * On-the-fly zip file decompression and browsing (MRL of the form zip://file.zip!/file.avi to specify the file the development form of zip://file.zip|file.avi is not supported anymore) * Opening of any file descriptor using fd:// * MTP device access on Unix * CD-Text support on the cdda module (CD-Audio) * :start-time and :stop-time can handle sub-second values Inputs: * Mouse cursor support in x11 and win32 screen modules * Screen module now features partial screen capture and mouse following on Windows and Mac OS X. Playlist: * Export the playlist in HTML * Lua script for BBC radio playback * Better metadata handling and reading Linux/Windows interface: * Global Hotkeys on Windows and Linux * Various fixes for skins2 interface * Recently played items list * Interface toolbar customizations * Various Improvements on the Qt interface: More menus actions Finer speed slider Improvements on many dialogs New dialog for plugins listing Fixed-size mode for videos Better Teletext, trickplay and encrypted streams control * Better integration in GTK environments Mac OS X Interface: * Controllable by the Media Keys on modern Apple keyboards (brushed Aluminium) * Reveal-in-Finder functionality for locally stored items. * Easy addition of subtitles through the Video menu * Additional usability improvements Stream output: * Restored the old mpeg2 transrating module. * Multiple bridge-in instances are now possible. * bridge-in can be used to configure a placeholder stream. * Remote Audio Output Protocol (AirTunes) module. * Fixed mosaic memleak. Mosaics are now usable again. Maemo Port: * New Maemo port with: an interface based on Hildon framework. scaler based on the swscale_nokia770 library. Windows CE Port: EXPERIMENTAL work for the winCE port has been done. Mac OS X Port: * EXPERIMENTAL 64bit support * Speed improvements by using llvm-gcc * New document icons by Dominic Spitaler * Support for latest iSight models Audio output: * Removed obsolete Esound and aRts plugins * Surround support for PulseAudio Video output: * Effects (cube, torus, etc.) removed from OpenGL video output * Video is able to stay in original size and to zoom in fullscreen (hotkey o) while keeping black borders * Image video output has been rewritten into a video-filter named scene. The old image video output has been removed. * Support for scaling and converting video chromas with FFMPEG imgresample was withdrawn due to bugs. Please use the newer FFMPEG swscale instead. Miscellaneous: * Invmem, a fake codec to display images from external applications New Localization: * Khmer * Mongolian * Sorani Changes between 0.9.9 and 0.9.9a: Mac OS X: * Updated multiple 3rd party libraries to keep in sync with the Win32 port * Playback fixes for PowerPC-based Macs Changes between 0.9.8a and 0.9.9: Decoders: * Experimental new decoder for Real Video 3.0 4.0 Demuxers: * Various fixes related to real demuxer Mac OS X Interface: * Fixed circumstances, which could lead to an empty Information panel Note that VLC will show information on the currently _selected_ item instead of the currently _playing_ item, if the playlist is visible in the main controller window. * Fixed multiple UTF8 issues in the Streaming / Exporting Wizard Mac OS X Port: * Improved video playback performance on Intel-based Macs New Localizations: * Indonesian * Bengali * Updates of other localizations Various bugfixes: * Support for receiving RTP packets on odd port numbers. * Lots of small bugfixes. * Correct Fullscreen behaviour on Multi-Screen setups on Windows * Telnet fixes on Windows * Resampling fixes when transcoding Changes between 0.9.6 and 0.9.8a: Security update: * Fixed buffer overflow in Real demuxer (SA-0811, CVE-2008-5276) Bunch of small bugfixes. Changes between 0.9.5 and 0.9.6: New Localizations: * Ukranian Security updates: * Fixed overflow in CUE support from VCD access (SA-0810, CVE-2008-5032) * Fixed overflow in RealText subtitles support (SA-0810, CVE-2008-5036) Changes between 0.9.4 and 0.9.5: Security updates: * Fixed buffer overflow in TiVo demuxer (SA-0809, CVE-2008-4686, CVE-2008-4654) * Fixed libpng CVE-2008-3964 in Win32 and MacOS builds Features: * Closed Caption EIA 608/708 parsing enabled for libmpeg2 Various bugfixes: * Fixed various potential crashes and memleaks * Fixed issues with reading from files (especially non-local) Windows port: * Fix bug where interface was eating some media keys * Fix some crashes in DirectShow access Qt Interface: * Fix bug when the resetting of preferences didnt reset the dialog states * Right-click menu to select playlist columns reenabled * Various fixed in playlist Access: * MMAP module is now deactivated by default Translations: * Update of Brazillian, Swedish translation Changes between 0.9.3 and 0.9.4: Various bugfixes: * Crashes fixed in ogg, vobsub, dvdread * Fixes several memory leaks. Mac OS X port: * Apple machines without Quartz Extreme are no longer supported (use 0.9.2 or earlier ) * Fixed a crash with deletion of old preferences. * Fixed targetname for downloaded updates Windows port: * Stability fix for the video output. Changes between 0.9.2 and 0.9.3: Various bugfixes: * Fixed DTS channel order on 5.1 systems * Fixed pausing behavior for subtitles and for Audio-CD * Multiple subtitles and podcast fixes * Various crashes fixed in PS, SSA, mkv, xspf, freetype * Fixed update system bugs * Other bug fixes (dvd language selection, subtitle colours, HTTP keep-alive+) Mac OS X port: * Fixed ffmpeg slowness on PowerPC-based Macs * Fixed crash on startup when installed on old preferences * Fixed bug in directory opening on Mac OS X * Fixed font selection in the Simple Preferences * Thicker border to the subtitle renderer * Fixed the appearance of playlist items in the Streaming/Transcoding Wizard * Fixed AC3 passthrough on Mac OS X * Fixed behavior of the Volume Normalizer settings on Mac OS X * Removed the deprecated QuickDraw video output module to avoid crashes on modern Mac OS X versions Windows port: * Fixed sensitivity of Fullscreen Controller * Fixed error messages on startup when VLC wasnt correctly uninstalled before installation * Fix showing of controller when returning from fullscreen playback * Multiple directory and path location fixes. Qt4 interface: * Added Faster/Slower icons to the controller panel * Fixed lost playlist columns when switching the playlist view * Added needed options to Simple preferences (to avoid NVIDIA drivers issues) * Fullscreen controller: added time label, remembering of last position * Fixed dragn drop behaviour on the playlist * Multiple other fixes (Enter hotkey in preferences, Skins selection) Changes between 0.9.1 and 0.9.2: * Restored the old behavior of sout-keep. It is now de-activated by default. * Skins2 interface repaired on Windows. * Multiple bugfixes. Changes between 0.9.1 and 0.9.0: * Multiple bug fixes. Changes between 0.8.6i and 0.9.0: Important notes: - * This release will need Windows 2000 and Mac OS X 10.4 (Tiger), or more recent to work correctly * The HTTP interface is now only available on the local machine by default. If you want to make it available from other machines, you will have to edit the .hosts file. On UNIX/Linux, the file is in /usr/share/vlc/http/.hosts If youre using the old http interface, its located in /usr/share/vlc/http/old/.hosts On Windows they are in C:Program FilesVideoLANVLChttp.hosts and C:Program FilesVideoLANVLChttpold.hosts On Mac OS X, you can find it in VLC.app/Contents/MacOS/share/http/.hosts and respectively in VLC.app/Contents/MacOS/share/http/old/.hosts * This version of VLC contains a new interface for Windows and Linux. This interface has a fullscreen controller and simplified preferences. This interface lacks the Streaming Wizard that used to be present in VLC 0.8.6, but provides basic profiles. * The behavior of sout-keep was changed. Its now activated by default. * The marq, mosaic and logo commands in the rc interface changed. They now require a target name as their first argument. Example: vlc sub-filter [emailprotected]{marquee=Hello} -I rc You can then use commands like: @test marq-marquee Goodbye If you didnt name the object using @test, its name will default to the plugin name (hence marq) in this example. These new commands are also available in the telnet interface. * The rtp access output module has been removed. Please use the RTP stream output instead, e.g.: Old: #std{access=rtp,mux=ts,dst=239.255.1.2:5004,sap} New: #rtp{mux=ts,dst=239.255.1.2,port=5004,sap} * You now need to append m3u-extvlcopt to your command line to enable EXTVLCOPT options parsing in m3u playlists. Note that only a limited set of options is available to m3u playlists (CVE-2007-6683). * The old access:url syntax is no longer supported to resolve ambiguities with some file names. Use access://url instead. E.g.: vlc:quit -> vlc://quit ; udp:@239.255.12.12 -> udp://@239.255.12.12 * The ffmpeg module has been removed and replaced by the new avcodec, avformat, swscale (or imgresample if you use a swscale-less ffmpeg build) and postproc modules. * The web plugins ActiveX (IE)/Firefox/Mozilla/Safari now recognize the following states: IDLE/CLOSE=0, OPENING=1, BUFFERING=2, PLAYING=3, PAUSED=4, STOPPING=5, FORWARD=6, BACKWARD=7, ENDED=8, ERROR=9. With FORWARD and BACKWARD being reserved for future implementations and are thus not functional atm. * Croping and padding in transcode are now done using the croppadd video filter. For example: transcode{vcodec=mp2v,vfilter=croppadd{cropttop=20,cropbottom=30,paddleft=100}} * Canvas setting in transcode is now done using the canvas video filter. For example: transcode{vcodec=mp2v,vfilter=canvas{width=640,height=480}} * Glide video output module has been removed. Changes: Security updates: * Updated libfreetype on Windows and Mac OS X (CVE-2008-1806, CVE-2008-1806, CVE-2008-1807) * TTA Parser improvements (CVE-2008-3732) * MMS Access Module improvements (CVE-2008-3794 ) Playlist: * Vastly improved playlist support: * Media library creation to save all your playlist items * Live search * Shoutcast TV listings * Audioscrobbler/Last.FM support * Album art support * User definable Lua playlist scripts. See share/lua/playlist/README.txt (Default scripts open YouTube, DailyMotion, metacafe, Google Video and lots of other URLs) * User definable Lua album art fetcher scripts. See share/lua/meta/README.txt Inputs: * Video for Linux 2 (V4L2) input support * UDP-Lite transport for RTP/AVP * DCCP transport for RTP/AVP * Proxy support for MMSH stream * JACK audio input support * Input run time option (improved live stream recording) * BDA devices access module for DVB-C/S/T capture cards on Microsoft Windows * Re-written Screen access module for Mac OS X using OpenGL instead of QuickDraw * Screen module now supports partial screen capture and mouse following on X11. * Experimental EyeTV access module This requires the user to install a plugin to EyeTV.app (available as a separate download). * Simple RTP input (with MPEG A/V, G.711 and PCM support). * RTMP input support * QTKit-based Input module for Mac OS X allowing display and streaming of video taken from all iSight-labelled video cameras (no audio support) * HTTP access now supports gzip compressed data and Digest Access Authentication. * New options to reduce latency between arrival of raw data and display of frames. (auto-adjust-pts-delay and use-stream-immediate) Demuxers: * MP4 gpac and Apple chapter support * Fixed playback of AIFF stereo files * Fixed audio glitch on seek * Improved FLAC demuxer (duration / current time / meta data) * AAC tags support * APEv1/2 tags support * Improved ID3v2 tags support * Improved Ogg/Vorbis tags support * Raw video support * Standard MIDI File (types 0 1) support * TiVo Series 2 support * CD+G karaoke Files support * MXF files support * OMA support Decoders: * VP60/VP61/VP6F/VP62 support * Flash Screen Video support * CamStudio Screen Video support * DosBox Capture support * Karl Mortons Video support * limited atrac3 support * Fraps support * Fluidsynth MIDI software synthesis (with external sound fonts) * New codec FOURCCs to support more specific files: Avid, FCP, Sony, Samsung, * H.264 PAFF support * DNxHD / VC-3 support * NellyMoser ASAO support * APE (Monkey audio) support * RealVideo support (with the RealVideo run-time) * Dirac video support using libschroedinger Subtitles: * Closed Caption Decoder (DVD, ReplayTV, TiVo, DVB/ATSC) * VBI EBU (Teletext) support (*nix, Mac OS) * Ogg/Kate subtitles support * AQTitle subtitles support * MKV USF subtitles support * HTML-based subtitles support * MPSub subtitles support * JacoSub subtitles basic support * MPL2 subtitles support * Rewrite of ASS/SSA scripts and subtitles support * PowerDivx (.psb) Subtitles support * Realtext subtitle support * DKS subtitle support * SubViewer 1.0 (SubRip09) subtitles support * Correct Right-to-left languages in subtitles support Encoders: * Flash Screen Video support * Improved H.264 encoding speed Video outputs and filters: * New CoreAnimation-based output module (VLCKit framework on OS X only) * Adjust, Invert and Distort (now split into Wave, Ripple, Gradient and Psychedelic) video filters can now be streamed * New puzzle video output filter * Re-written motion detection video filter * New extract video filter (extract Red, Green and Blue components from a video) * New sharpen video filter (increase the contrast of adjacent pixels) * New erase video filter (removes logos from a video) * Enhanced subtitles renderer to support bold, italic and some HTML tags (Google Summer of Code Student project) * Support for RGBA and I420 blending. The latter improves Mosaic CPU usage *a lot*. * New transparency mask video filter (for use with the mosaic_bridge module). * New bluescreen video filter (for use with the mosaic_bridge module). This was previously part of the mosaic module. * Fixed random characters problem in RSS filter. * Add rotate-deciangle for more precision on rotate filter * Support for Intel SSE2 instruction set in chroma converters * Improved use of Intel MMX instruction set in chroma converters * New croppadd and canvas video filters. Audio outputs and filters: * Replay gain support * Audio playback when going slower/faster (with pitch correction via new scaletempo audio filter) * New spatializer audio filter * Correct DTS output via S/PDIF Stream output: * RTSP for TS-multiplexed broadcast streams * New RTP payload formats: * Speex voice audio codec * ITU T.140 (for text, subtitles) output * G.711 (both A-law and  µ-law) output * UDP-Lite transport for RTP * DCCP transport for RTP * Lots of fixes for RTSP broadcasting * RTMP output Interfaces: * All * New Simple Preferences dialogs showing the most important settings in an end-user suitable way. * Improved user interaction * Improved mouse gestures * Vastly improved Update checker * Full support for meta data editing (ID3v2, Ogg/Vorbis, AAC, APEv1/2) * Windows/Linux * Brand new interface for Linux and Windows, based on the Qt toolkit * Fullscreen controller (transparency on Linux+Composite) * Mac OS X * Improved video output features * Online access to VideoLANs Help Wiki within VLC * New setting to disable the Recent Items service * When playing Radio (live) streams, the current track is shown correctly * Correct appearance on Macs using Aquas graphite theme * Simplified Extended Controls panel * Ncurses: * Correctly displays wide characters when using an UTF-8 locale, if libncursesw is available. * Some nice colors if the terminal supports it (most do) * Experimental Lua interface modules. See vlc -I lua and share/lua/playlist/README.txt for more info. * Unix * Option to allow only one running instance, using D-Bus interface. * D-Bus Interface implementing the MPRIS (Media Player Remote Interfacing specification), a common dbus control interface for media players that intends to become an xdg standard when finished: http://wiki.xmms2.xmms.se/index.php/Media_Player_Interfaces . * Motion module using disk accelerometers to keep video horizontal * Plugin to set Telepathy presence message using MissionControl * Fixed VLM schedule time on Linux Linux Port: * VLC now complies with the XDG Base Directory Specification version 0.6 http://standards.freedesktop.org/basedir-spec/basedir-spec-0.6.html (which means that VLC doesnt use the $HOME/.vlc directory anymore) Mac OS X Port: * Mac OS X Framework VLCKit that can be used to embed VLC in third party applications (Google Summer of Code Student project, Mac OS X 10.5 only) * New text renderer based on Quartz replacing the existing Freetype solution * Complete compatibility with Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard * It is now required to compile a fully featured build * The support of Mac OS X 10.3.9 and QuickTime 6.x was discontinued. LibVLC: * Event management and various improvements in libvlc (Part of a Google Summer of Code Student project) New Localizations: * Finnish * Persian * Polish * Punjabi * Bulgarian Developers: * LibVLC now supports externally built plugins properly. A vlc-plugin pkg-config package is provided. * Java bindings are now built from a separate source. Changes between 0.8.6h and 0.8.6i: - Security updates: * Fixed integer overflow in WAV demuxer (CVE-2008-2430) Various bugfixes: * Fixed option to use shared memory within the GLX video output module * Improved galaktos-based audio visualizations on FreeBSD * Miscellaneous bugfixes in multiple modules and in libvlc (transcode stream output, OSD menu video filter, VCD input, SAP services discovery, http control interface) * Updated Polish translation Changes between 0.8.6g and 0.8.6h: - Security updates: * Updated GnuTLS and libgcrypt on Windows and Mac OS X (CVE-2008-1948, CVE-2008-1949, CVE-2008-1950) * Updated libxml2 on Windows and Mac OS X (CVE-2007-6284) Goodies: * Updated libebml and libmatroska on Mac OS X. Reliability improvements. * Miscellaneous bugfixes in multiple modules and in libvlc (ftp access, record access filter, video filters, RC interface, playlist demuxer, IP networking, MPJPEG muxer, stream outputs) * Improved support for MPEG2 content created by Final Cut Pro * More reliable audio reception for MPEG TS streams * Fixed a regression in 0.8.6g where usage of the snapshot feature could lead to an unexpected application termination * New Serbian translation * Updated Romanian translation Changes between 0.8.6f and 0.8.6g: - Security updates: * Removed VLC variable settings from Mozilla and ActiveX (CVE-2007-6683, VideoLAN-SA-0804) * Removed loading plugins from the current directory (CVE-2008-2147, VideoLAN-SA-0805) * Updated libpng on Windows and Mac OS X (CVE-2008-1382) * Fixed libid3tag denial of service (CVE-2008-2109) * Fixed libvorbis vulnerabilities (CVE-2008-1419, CVE-2008-1420, CVE-2008-1423) * Fixed speex insufficient boundary check (CVE-2008-1686, oCERT-2008-004) Various bugfixes: * Fixed various memory leaks, improving stability when running as a server * Fixed compilation with recent versions of FFmpeg * Correctly parses SAP announcements from MPEG-TS * Fixed AAC resampling * The Fullscreen Controller appears correctly on Mac OS X, if the Always-on-top video option was selected. Changes between 0.8.6e and 0.8.6f: - Security updates: * Really fixed subtitle buffer overflow (CVE-2007-6681, CVE-2008-1881) * Fixed Real RTSP code execution problem (CVE-2008-

Monarch Butterfly Essays -- essays research papers

The monarch butterfly, as known as Danaus plexippus, is often called the milkweed butterfly because its larvae eat the milkweed plant. They are also sometimes called "royalty butterflies" because their family name comes from the daughter of Danaus, ruler of Argos. There are many other interesting facts about this butterfly including its anatomy and life cycle, where the butterfly lies on the food chain, the migration from Canada to Mexico, why the butterfly is being threatened, and lastly, what is being done to help the butterfly. The anatomy of the monarch starts with it coloring. The monarch butterfly is bright orange with a white spots in a black margin around the edges. The veins on the wings are also black. The caterpillar is ringed with yellow, black, and white on each segment and has a pair of black fleshy tubercles at each end (Emmel, 1999). Monarchs smell with their antennae while they taste with their feet (Wexler, 1994). While the male monarchs have scent scales on their wings and "hair pencils" on their abdomens which secrete a scent (Emmel, 1999). The male scent is used during mating. The copulation of a male and female monarch can last from thirty to sixty minutes which is about average for most butterflies (Emmel, 1999). The life cycle starts as larva or caterpillar. First, the monarch lays the eggs on the milkweed plants. Next, the egg hatch into a caterpillar. The caterpillar then eats the milkweed plants until they are large enough to pupate (Emmel, 1999). Then, the caterpillar attaches a pad of silk to a stem of a milkweed plant so it can hang while it transform into a butterfly. Next, the caterpillar sheds it larval skin to reveal the chrysalis inside (Emmel, 1999). After it shed its skin, the pupa hardens and the chrysalis earns it name by glowing in the sun. As the pupa stage comes to an end, the butterfly can be seen through its pupa shell. The monarch emerges by splitting the pupa along the length of it proboscis (Emmel, 1999). First the legs emerge. Then the fluid fill body pumps its fluid into the veins of the wings while the body shrinks to normal size. Finally, the butterfly hangs from the pupa about two hours while the wings dry (Emmel, 1999). Monarchs do not have many predators expect for ... ...enetic engineered corn. It cannot sell the corn to European markets so the engineered corn is not the premium corn on the market. With the help of Alvarez, Mexico will still be the place of the monarchs winter home, and the human race objecting to engineered food, the monarch may still have a fighting chance for survival. With all these interesting facts about the monarch, the anatomy, life cycle, milkweed plant, migration, the endangerment, and the help of Alvarez, it is a wondering why more people are not doing more to help this national treasure. Literature Cited Brower, Lincoln P., Fink, Linda S., and van Zandt Brower, Andrew. 1995. On the dangers of interpopulational transfers of monarch butterflies. BioScience, 45:540-4 Clattenburg, Will, 2004. A Mission for Monarchs. American Forests, 110/2:32-7 Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia, 2nd edition. Volume 3, Insects, edited by Michael Hutchins, Arthur V. Evans, Rosser W. Garrison, and Neil Schlager. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group, 2003. Stix, Gary, 1999. The butterfly effect. Scientific American, 281/2:28-9 Wexler, Mark, 1994. How to feed a visiting monarch. National Wildlife, 32:14-21

Italian Neorealism Essay -- European Cinema

The aim of this report is to discuss Italian Neorealism (Neorealismo); looking at how the movement played a significant element in European cinema during and after the times of Benito Mussolini’s fascist regime. The report not only looks at how but why Neorealism became a growing phenomenon for filmmakers during its debatable 10 year period, and what implication of messages these Neorealist directors were trying to send out through their films. Backed up by several reliable book sources, the evidence for this report will also highlight the influences Neo-realism has created in modern filmmaking today. Before the dawn of Neorealism, Italy was under great turmoil in the early 1920s suffering from major economic crisis, bank failures and a collapsing government, which would also mean a collapse in the Italian film industry and the ‘Silent Era’ of cinema (Roberts, 2005). When Benito Mussolini took control as the 40th Prime Minister of Italy in 1922 the revival of Italian cinema would be once again be relived, but this time ruled under the control and guidance by Mussolini and his fascist government (Bondanella, 2001). It was not until the mid 1930s that the brutish dictator truly recognized the potential power of media, where in 1935 a special funding was given to the production of Italian films which was used to open up film institutions like the ‘Centro Sperimenale di Cinematografia’ (CSC) film school, and ‘Cinecitta’ (Cinema City) studios in 1937 (Ruberto and Wilson, 2007). The development of these institutions sparked the appearance of early sound cinema, specializing in genres such as comedies, melodramas, musicals and historical films, but were all categorized as ‘propaganda’ and ‘white telephone’ films by many critics due... ...echoslovak New Wave, Denmark’s Dogme 95, and British Social Realism, which all can be seen as notable influences from that of Italian Neorealism. Works Cited Roberts, J. (2005), Benito Mussolini, Minneapolis: Twenty-First Century Books. Bonandella, P. (2010), Italian Cinema: From Neorealism to the Present (3rd edn), London: The Continuum International Publishing Group Ltd. Ruberto, L.E. and Wilson, K.M. (ed.) (2007), Italian Neorealism and Global Cinema, Detroit: Wayne State University Press. Reich, J. and Garofalo, P. (ed.) (2002), Re-viewing Fascism: Italian Cinema, 1922-1943, Indiana: Indiana University Press. Landy, M. (2000), Italian Film, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Sorlin, P. (1996), Italian National Cinema 1896-1996, London: Routledge. Shiel, M. (2006), Italian Neorealism: Rebuilding the Cinematic City, London: Wallflower Press.

Essays --

Inter-country adoption has become increasingly difficult over the past few years. In 2004, at its peak, there were about 22,991 adoptions whereas in 2012, there were 8,668 adoptions (Bureau of Consular Affairs, U.S. Department of State), a significant decline. Many countries have put in place policies that have, in effect, made it difficult to adopt. With these restrictive regulations, inter-country adoption has been opening and closing in many countries, leaving the prospective parents and children in an undetermined state. There are two different processes for International Adoptions; the Hague vs. the Non-Hague process. Under the Hague process, children receive more protection as it is more thorough and requires more documentation on the child’s country of origin. The Hague Adoption Convention took place in 1993; the US signed the convention in 1994 and it was enforced in April 2008. About 90 countries were involved and signed this treaty. According to the U.S. Department of State, the main purpose of the convention is to certify that every child adopted is eligible for adoption. A child that is considered to be eligible means that the child was truly given up by the biological parents and was not abducted or sold; this process has decreased the rate of adoptions. Steven Whitehead, Vice President of Overseas Adoption Support and Information Service, stated, ‘Instead of Hague cleaning up a potentially corrupt situation, everything close[d] down’ (Greenblatt, 2011). Initial identification of this concern was via the media presenting international adoptions decreasing with a vivid graph. From there, research was obtained through the U.S. Department of State/Bureau of Consular Affairs. Their website presents statistics over the l... ...ntry will also be important once agreements are made. Advocacy and awareness is still important even after the bill is passed. Supporting agencies and sponsors will be requested to regularly speak to the community and those in position of power to express continued concerns and progress updates. There is no answer or easy solution; there is, however, an opportunity to take steps in the right direction. While there will always be obstacles to overcome, with continued perseverance, we hope to help get children out of institutions, off the streets, and into safe and nurturing homes. Leaving children on the streets and in institutions is unacceptable. Putting aside all other political and social concern, the goal is to place children in happy and safe homes while maintaining processes to deem the child eligible for adoptions and decrease the amount of abuse and fraud.