Pros and Cons using oil

Pros and Cons of using oil I want to talk about advantages and disadvantages of using oil in our world, people can use it for different reasons. We use oil for cars, airplanes etc. In some countries it is very expensive but in other countries it is much more cheaper because today its harder to find that's why its more expensive and may not be much left. Oil is very useful. For example, we can use it as an ingredient for our meal but also it used to accelerate the cars and how we also know doctors use oil in many medical reasons.I think advantages of using oil is that people can use it for different reason. People use oil for military reasons too. There are a lot of ways using oil. A lot of people now travel with plane, they couldn't travel if there wasn't oil. In war oil is used more because soldiers need to drive planes and cars and attack another country. People use oil to heat their houses. People use oil to get energy from it. When country is rich of oil its economy should be ve ry good. Because other countries buy oil from them. In big wars such as WWW andWWW oil was the main thing that was needed to win the war. And the countries who started the war they wanted to capture the places where there is a lot of oil. Nowadays oil is very useful. In some places oil Is very expensive because they don't produce oil but they buy it from other countries and they sell it expensive. But some countries sell oil much more cheaper because they produce oil in their countries. Disadvantages of using oil are that it makes pollution and a lot of people die because of that. People have used oil for centuries but using it made pollution. Pole used fuel smokes to kill another people. Usually they used It In wars. Burning oil produce carbon dioxide and It causes global warming. Passing near a car that brings out smoke,one starts to caught because the carbon dioxide that Is released from the car Is going to ones kings and It can result with serious problems to ones health. And us ed OLL Is hard to recycle and a lot of factories produce carbon monoxide by giving it out to the air. People start to breath with this air. I think In our time Oil Is very useful because without OLL we can not survive.People can not use electronically devices or we can not move without cars or planes. We would need more time to go to some places without planes. But It would be better because there would not be pollution and people could live longer. In some places oil is very expensive because they don't produce oil but they buy it from other countries and they sell it expensive. But pollution. People used fuel smokes to kill another people. Usually they used it in wars. Burning oil produce carbon dioxide and it causes global warming.Passing near a car that brings out smoke,one starts to caught because the carbon dioxide that is released from the car is going to ones kings and it can result with serious problems to ones health. And used oil is hard to recycle and a lot of factories produce carbon monoxide by giving it out to the air. People start to breath with this air. I think in our time Oil is very useful because without oil we can not survive. People can not use time to go to some places without planes. But it would be better because there would

A Brief and True Report of the New Found Land of Virginia (1588)

Libraries at University of Nebraska-Lincoln Electronic Texts in American Studies University of Nebraska – Lincoln Year A Brief and True Report of the New Found Land of Virginia (1588) Thomas Hariot? Paul Royster , editor†  ? †  University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email  protected] edu This paper is posted at [email  protected] of Nebraska – Lincoln. http://digitalcommons. unl. edu/etas/20 T H O M A S H A R IO T A B R I E F E A N D T RU E R E P ORT OF T H E N E W F O U N D L A N D OFA note on the orthography: In the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, English printers and typesetters used the â€Å"u† and â€Å"v† interchangeably to represent either sound (thus, â€Å"euer† for â€Å"ever,† â€Å"vse† for â€Å"use,† etc. ), and the â€Å"i† was used both for â€Å"i† and â€Å"j†. Vowels were occasionally printed with either a macron (? ) or a tilde (? ) to indicate a following (implied) n asal â€Å"n† or â€Å"m† (thus â€Å"coutry† for â€Å"country† or â€Å"the † ? ? for â€Å"them†). These features of Thomas Hariot’s original edition are preserved in this electronic text.V I RG I N I A (158 8) This is an online electronic text edition of the first book published by an English colonist in America. Its author, Thomas Hariot or Harriot, was a cartographer, mathematician, astronomer, linguist, and philosopher, who was a participant in Sir Walter Ralegh’s first attempt to establish a colony in â€Å"Virginia,† on Roanoke Island in modern-day North Carolina, from June 1585 until June 1586. Hariot had learned the rudiments of the Algonkian language from two natives brought back to England from an earlier exploratory voyage, nd he served as interpreter and liaison with the native peoples of the surrounding region. His Brief and True Report focuses largely upon the native inhabitants, giving much valuable inf ormation on their food sources, agricultural methods, living arrangements, political organization, and religion. Published in 1588, with Ralegh’s support, to help incite both investment and settlement, Hariot’s 13,000-word account also gives many details of the â€Å"merchantable commodities,† plants, animals, and economic opportunities to be found there.Written by an ethnographer and natural scientist who was an integral part of the first English attempt at American colonization, the Brief and True Report is by far the most important early English account of North America. This online edition contains some essential annotations, a textual note, and links to other important online materials relating to the Roanoke colony. K A briefe and true rethe commodities there found and to be ray? ed, as well mar- port of the new found land of Virginia: of chantable, as others for vi? all, building and other nece? arie v? es for tho? e that are and ? halbe the planters ther e; and of the nature and manners of the naturall inhabitants : Di? couered by the Engli? h Colony there ? eated by Sir Richard Greinuile Knight in the yeere 1585. which remained vnder the gouernement of Rafe Lane E? quier, one of her Maie? ties Equieres, during the ? pace of twelue monethes : at the ? peciall charge and dire? ion of the Honourable S I R WA LT E R R A L E I G H Knight, Lord Warden of the ? anneries ; who therein hath beene fauoured and authori? ed by her Maie? tie and her letters patents: Dire? ed to the Aduenturers, Fauourers, and Welwillers of the a? ion, for the inhabiting and planting there: By Thomas Hariot; ? eruant to the abouenamed Sir Walter, a member of the Colony, and there imployed in di? couering. Imprinted at London 1588. A Rafe Lane one of her Maiesties Equieres and Gouernour of the Colony in Virginia aboue mentioned for the time there resident. To the gentle Reader, wisheth all happines in the Lord.Lbeit (Gentle Reader) the credite of the reports in t his treatise contained, can little be furthered by the testimonie of one as my selfe, through affection iudged partiall, though without desert: Neuerthelesse forsomuch as I haue beene requested by some my particular friends, who conceiue more rightly of me, to deliuer freely my knowledge of the same; not onely for the satisfying of them, but also for the true enformation of anie other whosoeuer, that comes not with a preiudicate minde to the reading thereof: Thus much vpon my credit J am to affirme: that things vniuersally are so truly set downe in this treatise by the author therof, an Actor in the Colony & a man no lesse for his honesty then learning commendable: as that I dare boldly auouch it may very well passe with the credit of truth euen amongst the most true relatio s of this age. Which ? as for mine own part I am readie any was with my word to acknowledge, so also (of the certaintie thereof assured by mine owne experience) with this my publike assertion, I doe affirme the same. Farewell in the Lorde.  ¶ To the Aduenturers, Fauourers, and Welwillers of the enterprise for the inhabiting and planting in Virginia. 4Ince the first vndertaking by Sir Walter Raleigh to deale in the action of discouering of that Countrey which is now called and known by the name of Virginia; many voyages hauing bin thither made at sundrie times to his great charge; as first in the yeere 1584, and afterwardes in the yeeres 1585, 1586, and now of late this last yeare of 1587: There haue bin diuers and variable reportes with some slaunderous and shamefull speeches bruited abroade by many that returned from thence. Especially of that discouery which was made by the Colony transported by Sir Richard Greinuile in the yeare 1585, being of all the others the most principal and as yet of most effect, the time of their abode in the countrey beeing a whole yeare, when as in the other voyage before they staied but sixe weekes; and the others after were onelie for supply and transporta tion, nothing more being discouered then had been before. Which re5 6 ? briefe and true report of the new found land of Uirginia 7 orts haue not done a litle wrong to many that otherwise would haue also fauoured & aduentured in the action, to the honour and benefite of our nation, besides the particular profite and credite which would redound to them selues the dealers therein; as I hope by the sequele of euents to the shame of those that haue auouched the contrary shalbe manifest: if you the aduenturers, fauourers, and welwillers do but either encrease in number, or in opinion continue, or hauing bin doubtfull renewe your good liking and furtherance to deale therein according to the worthinesse thereof alreadye found and as you shall vnderstand hereafter to be requisite. Touching which woorthines through cause of the diuersitie of relations and reportes, manye of your opinions coulde not bee firme, nor the mindes of some that are well disposed, bee setled in any certaintie. I haue therefore thought it good beeing one that haue beene in the discouerie and in dealing with the naturall inhabitantes specially imploied; and hauing therefore seene and knowne more then the ordinarie: to imparte so much vnto you of the fruites of our labours, as that you may knowe howe iniuriously the enterprise is slaundered. And that in publike manner at this present chiefelie for two respectes.First that some of you which are yet ignorant or doubtfull of the state thereof, may see that there is sufficient cause why the cheefe enterpriser with the fauour of her Maiestie, notwithstanding suche reportes; hath not onelie since continued the action by sending into the countrey againe, and replanting this last yeere a new Colony; but is also readie, according as the times and meanes will affoorde, to follow and prosecute the same. Secondly, that you seeing and knowing the continuance of the action by the view hereof you may generally know & learne what the countrey is, & thervpon consid er how your dealing therein if it proceede, may returne you profit and gaine; bee it either by inhabiting & planting or otherwise in furthering thereof.And least that the substance of my relation should be doubtful vnto you, as of others by reason of their diuersitie: I will first open the cause in a few wordes wherefore they are so different; referring my selfe to your fauourable constructions, and to be adiudged of as by good consideration you shall finde cause. Of our companie that returned some for their misdemenour and ill dealing in the countrey, haue beene there worthily punished; who by reason of their badde natures, haue maliciously not onelie spoken ill of their Gouernours; but for their sakes slaundered the countrie it selfe. The like also haue those done which were of their consort.Some beeing ignorant of the state thereof, notwithstanding since their returne amongest their friendes and acquaintance and also others, especially if they were in companie where they might no t be gainesaide; woulde seeme to knowe so much as no men more; and make no men so great trauailers as themselues. They stood so much as it maie seeme vppon their credite and reputation that hauing been a twelue moneth in the countrey, it woulde haue beene a great disgrace vnto them as they thought, if they coulde not haue saide much whether it were true or false. Of which some haue spoken of more then euer they saw or otherwise knew to bee there; othersome haue not bin ashamed to make absolute deniall of 8 ? briefe and true report of the new found land of Uirginia 9 that which although not by them, yet by others is most certainely and there plentifully knowne. And othersome make difficulties of those things they haue no skill of.The cause of their ignorance was, in that they were of that many that were neuer out of the Iland where wee were seated, or not farre, or at the leastwise in few places els, during the time of our aboade in the countrey; or of that many that after golde and siluer was not so soone found, as it was by them looked for, had little or no care of any other thing but to pamper their bellies; or of that many which had little vnderstanding, lesse discretion, and more tongue then was needfull or requisite. Some also were of a nice bringing vp, only in cities or townes, or such as neuer (as I may say) had seene the world before. Because there were not to bee found any English cities, nor such faire houses, nor at their owne wish any of their olde accustomed daintie food, nor any soft beds of downe or fethers; the countrey was to them miserable, & their reports thereof according.Because my purpose was but in briefe to open the cause of the varietie of such speeches; the particularities of them, and of many enuious, malicious, and slaunderous reports and deuises els, by our owne countrey men besides; as trifles that are not worthy of wise men to bee thought vpon, I meane not to trouble you withall: but will passe to the commodities, the substance of that which I haue to make relation of vnto you. The treatise whereof for your more readie view & easier vnderstanding I will diuide into three speciall parts. In the first I will make declaration of such commodities there alreadie found or to be raised, which will not onely serue the ordinary turnes of you which are and shall bee he planters and inhabitants, but such an ouerplus sufficiently to bee yelded, or by men of skill to bee prouided, as by way of trafficke and exchaunge with our owne nation of England, will enrich your selues the prouiders; those that shal deal with you; the enterprisers in general; and greatly profit our owne countrey men, to supply the? with most things which heretofore they haue bene faine to prouide, either of strangers or of our enemies: which commodities for distinction sake, I call Merchantable. In the second, I will set downe all the commodities which wee know the countrey by our experience doeth yeld of it selfe for victuall, and sustenance of ma ns life; such as is vsually fed vpo by the inhabitants of the coun? trey, as also by vs during the time we were there.In the last part I will make mention generally of such other commodities besides, as I am able to remember, and as I shall thinke behoofull for those that shall inhabite, and plant there to knowe of; which specially concerne building, as also some other necessary vses: with a briefe description of the nature and maners of the people of the countrey. The first part, of Marchantable commodities. Ilke of grasse or grasse Silke. There is a kind of grasse in the countrey vppon the blades whereof there groweth very good silke in forme of a thin glittering skin to bee stript of. It groweth two foote and a halfe high or better: the blades are about two foot in length, and half inch broad. The like groweth in Persia, which is in 10 ? briefe and true report of the new found land of Uirginia 11 the selfe same climate as Virginia, of which very many of the silke workes that come from thence into Europe are made.Hereof if it be planted and ordered as in Persia, it cannot in reason be otherwise, but that there will rise in shorte time great profite to the dealers therein; seeing there is so great vse and vent thereof as well in our countrey as els where. And by the meanes of sowing & planting it in good ground, it will be farre greater, better, and more plentifull then it is. Although notwithstanding there is great store thereof in many places of the countrey growing naturally and wilde. Which also by proof here in England, in making a piece of silke Grogran, we found to be excellent good. Worme Silke: In manie of our iourneyes we found silke wormes fayre and great; as bigge as our ordinary walnuttes. Although it hath not beene our happe to haue found such plentie s elsewhere to be in the countrey we haue heard of; yet seeing that the countrey doth naturally breede and nourish them, there is no doubt but if art be added in planting of mulbery trees and other s fitte for them in commodious places, for their feeding and nourishing; and some of them carefully gathered and husbanded in that sort as by men of skill is knowne to be necessarie: there will rise as great profite in time to the Virginians, as thereof doth now to the Persians, Turkes, Italians and Spaniards. Flaxe and Hempe: The trueth is that of Hempe and Flaxe there is no great store in any one place together, by reason it is not planted but as the soile doth yeeld it of it selfe; and howsoeuer the leafe, and stemme or stalke doe differ from ours; the stuffe by the iudgeme? t of men of skill is altogether as good as ours. And if not, as further roofe should finde otherwise; we haue that experience of the soile, as that there cannot bee shewed anie reason to the contrary, but that it will grow there excellent well; and by planting will be yeelded plentifully: seeing there is so much ground whereof some may well be applyed to such purposes. What benefite heereof may growe in corda ge and linnens who can not easily vnderstand? Allum: There is a veine of earth along the sea coast for the space of fourtie or fiftie miles, whereof by the iudgement of some that haue made triall heere in England, is made good Allum, of that kinde which is called Roche Allum. The richnesse of such a commoditie is so well knowne that I neede not to saye any thing thereof.The same earth doth also yeelde White Copresse, Nitrum, and Alumen plumeum, but nothing so plentifully as the common Allum; which be also of price and profitable. Wapeih, a kinde of earth so called by the naturall inhabitants; very like to terra Sigillata: and hauing beene refined, it hath beene found by some of our Phisitions and Chirurgeons to bee of the same kinde of vertue and more effectuall. The inhabitants vse it very much for the cure of sores and woundes: there is in diuers places great plentie, and in some places of a blewe sort. Pitch, Tarre, Rozen, and Turpentine: There are those kindes of trees which yee lde them abundantly and great store.In the very same Iland where wee were seated, being fifteene miles of length, and fiue or sixe miles in breadth, there are fewe trees els but of the same kind; the whole Iland being full. Sassafras, called by the inhabitantes Winauk, a kinde of wood of most pleasant and sweete smel; and of most rare vertues in phisick for the cure of many diseases. It 12 ? briefe and true report of the new found land of Uirginia 13 is fou by experience to bee farre better and of more ? d vses then the wood which is called Guaiacum, or Lignum vit?. For the description, the manner of vsing and the manifolde vertues thereof, I referre you to the booke of Monardus, translated and entituled in English, The ioyfull newes from the West Indies.Cedar, a very sweet wood & fine timber; wherof if nests of chests be there made, or timber therof fitted for sweet & fine bedsteads, tables, deskes, lutes, virginalles & many things else, (of which there hath beene proofe made alrea dy,) to make vp fraite with other principal commodities will yeeld profite. Wine: There are two kinds of grapes that the soile doth yeeld naturally: the one is small and sowre of the ordinarie bignesse as ours in England: the other farre greater & of himselfe lushious sweet. When they are planted and husbanded as they ought, a principall commoditie of wines by them may be raised. Oyle: There are two sortes of Walnuttes both holding oyle, but the one farre more plentifull then the other. When there are milles & other deuises for the purpose, a commodity of them may be raised because there are infinite store.There are also three seuerall kindes of Berries in the forme of Oke akornes, which also by the experience and vse of the inhabitantes, wee finde to yeelde very good and sweete oyle. Furthermore the Beares of the countrey are commonly very fatte, and in some places there are many: their fatnesse because it is so liquid, may well be termed oyle, and hath many speciall vses. Furres: All along the Sea coast there are great store of Otters, which beeyng taken by weares and other engines made for the purpose, will yeelde good profite. Wee hope also of Marterne furres, and make no doubt by the relation of the people but that in some places of the countrey there are store: although there were but two skinnes that came to our handes. Luzarnes also we haue vnderstanding of, although for the time we saw none.Deare skinnes dressed after the manner of Chamoes or vndressed are to be had of the naturall inhabitants thousands yeerely by way of trafficke for trifles: and no more wast or spoile of Deare then is and hath beene ordinarily in time before. Ciuet cattes: In our trauailes, there was founde one to haue beene killed by a saluage or inhabitant: and in an other place the smell where one or more had lately beene before: whereby we gather besides then by the relation of the people that there are some in the countrey: good profite will rise by them. Iron : In two places o f the countrey specially, one about fourescore and the other sixe score miles from the Fort or place where wee dwelt: wee founde neere the water side the ground to be rockie, which by the triall of a minerall man, was founde to holde yron richly. It is founde in manie places of the countrey else.I knowe nothing to the contrarie, but that it maie bee allowed for a good marchantable commoditie, considering there the small charge for the labour and feeding of men: the infinite store of wood: the want of wood and deerenesse thereof in England: & the necessity of ballasting of shippes. Copper : A hundred and fiftie miles into the maine in two townes wee founde with the inhabitaunts diuerse small plates of copper, that had beene made as wee vnderstood, by the inhabitantes that dwell farther into the countrey: where as they say are mountaines and 14 ? briefe and true report of the new found land of Uirginia 15 Riuers that yeelde also whyte graynes of Mettall, which is to bee deemed Siluer. For confirmation whereof at the time of our first arriuall in the Countrey, I sawe with some others with mee, two small peeces of siluer grosly beaten about the weight of a Testrone, hangyng in the eares of a Wiroans or chiefe Lorde that dwelt about fourescore myles from vs; of whom thorowe enquiry, by the number of dayes and the way, I learned that it had come to his handes from the same place or neere, where I after vnderstood the copper was made and the white graynes of mettall founde. The aforesaide copper wee also founde by triall to holde siluer. Pearle : Sometimes in feeding on muscles wee founde some pearle; but it was our hap to meete with ragges, or of a pide colour; not hauing yet discouered those places where wee hearde of better and more plentie.One of our companie; a man of skill in such matters, had gathered together from among the sauage people aboute fiue thousande: of which number he chose so many as made a fayre chaine, which for their likenesse and vniformitie in roundnesse, orientnesse, and pidenesse of many excellent colours, with equalitie in greatnesse, were verie fayre and rare; and had therefore beene presented to her Maiestie, had wee not by casualtie and through extremity of a storme, lost them with many things els in comming away from the countrey. Sweete Gummes of diuers kindes and many other Apothecary drugges of which wee will make speciall mention, when wee shall receiue it from such men of skill in that kynd, that in taking reasonable paines shall discouer them more particularly then wee haue done; and than now I can makc relation of, for want f the examples I had prouided and gathered, and are nowe lost, with other thinges by causualtie before mentioned. Dyes of diuers kindes : There is Shoemake well knowen, and vsed in England for blacke; the seede of an hearbe called Wasewowr; little small rootes called Chappacor; and the barke of the tree called by the inhabitaunts Tangomockonomindge: which Dies are for diuers sortes of re d: their goodnesse for our English clothes remayne yet to be proued. The inhabitants vse them onely for the dying of hayre; and colouring of their faces, and Mantles made of Deare skinnes; and also for the dying of Rushes to make artificiall workes withall in their Mattes and Baskettes; hauing no other thing besides that they account of, apt to vse them for.If they will not proue merchantable there is no doubt but the Planters there shall finde apte vses for them, as also for other colours which wee knowe to be there. Oade; a thing of so great vent and vse amongst English Diers, which cannot bee yeelded sufficiently in our owne countrey for spare of ground; may bee planted in Virginia, there being ground enough. The grouth therof need not to be doubted, when as in the Ilandes of the Asores it groweth plentifully, which is in the same climate. So likewise of Madder. We carried thither Suger canes to plant which beeing not so well preserued as was requisit, & besides the time of the y ere being past for their setting when we arriued, wee could not make that proofe of them as wee desired.Notwithstanding, seeing that they grow in the same climate, in the South part of Spaine and in Barbary, our hope in reason may yet co ? tinue. So likewise 16 ? briefe and true report of the new found land of Uirginia 17 for Orenges, and Lemmons : there may be planted also Quinses. Wherby may grow in reasonable time if the actio be diligently prosecuted, no small commodities in ? Sugers, Suckets, and Marmalades. Many other commodities by planting may there also bee raised, which I leaue to your discret and gentle considerations: and many also bee there which yet we haue not discouered. Two more commodities of great value one of certaintie, and the other in hope, not to be planted, but there to be raised & in short time to be prouided and prepared, I might haue specified.So likewise of those commodities already set downe I might haue said more; as of the particular places where they are founde and best to be planted and prepared: by what meanes and in what reasonable space of time they might be raised to profit and in what proportion; but because others then welwillers might bee therewithall acquainted, not to the good of the action, I haue wittingly omitted them: knowing that to those that are well disposed I haue vttered, according to my promise and purpose, for this part sufficient. The second part, of suche commodities as Virginia is knowne to yeelde for victuall and sustenance of mans life, vsually fed vpon by the naturall inhabitants: as also by vs during the time of our aboad. And first of such as are sowed and husbanded.Agatowr, a kinde of graine so called by the inhabitants; the same in the West Indies is called Mayze: English men call it Guinney wheate or Turkie wheate, according to the names of the countreys from whence the like hath beene brought. The graine is about the bignesse of our ordinary English peaze and not much different in forme and sha pe: but of diuers colours: some white, some red, some yellow, and some blew. All of them yeelde a very white and sweete flowre: beeing vsed according to his kinde it maketh a very good bread. Wee made of the same in the countrey some mault, whereof was brued as good ale as was to bee desired. So likewise by the help of hops therof may bee made as good Beere. It is a graine of marueilous great increase; of a thousand, fifteene hundred and some two thousand fold.There are three sortes, of which two are ripe in an eleuen and twelue weekes at the most: sometimes in ten, after the time they are set, and are then of height in stalke about sixe or seuen foote. The other sort is ripe in fourteene, and is about ten foote high, of the stalkes some beare foure heads, some three, some one, and two: euery head co~taining fiue, sixe, or seuen hundred graines within a 18 ? briefe and true report of the new found land of Uirginia 19 fewe more or lesse. Of these graines besides bread, the inhabitant s make victuall eyther by parching them; or seething them whole vntill they be broken; or boyling the floure with water into a pappe. Okindgier, called by vs Beanes, because in greatnesse & partly in shape they are like to the Beanes in England; sauing that they are flatter, of more diuers colours, and ome pide. The leafe also of the stemme is much different. In taste they are altogether as good as our English peaze. Wickonzowr, called by vs Peaze, in respect of the ? beanes for distinctio sake, because they are much lesse; although in forme they little differ; but in goodnesse of tast much, & are far better then our English peaze. Both the beanes and peaze are ripe in tenne weekes after they are set. They make them victuall either by boyling them all to pieces into a broth; or boiling them whole vntill they bee soft and beginne to breake as is vsed in England, eyther by themselues or mixtly together: Sometime they mingle of the wheate with them.Sometime also beeing whole sodden, th ey bruse or pound them in a morter, & thereof make loaues or lumps of dowishe bread, which they vse to eat for varietie. Macocqwer, according to their seuerall formes called by vs, Pompions, Mellions, and Gourdes, because they are of the like formes as those kindes in England. In Virginia such of seuerall formes are of one taste and very good, and do also spring from one seed. There are of two sorts; one is ripe in the space of a moneth, and the other in two moneths. There is an hearbe which in Dutch is called Melden. Some of those that I describe it vnto, take it to be a kinde of Orage; it groweth about foure or fiue foote igh: of the seede thereof they make a thicke broth, and pottage of a very good taste: of the stalke by burning into ashes they make a kinde of salt earth, wherewithall many vse sometimes to season their brothes; other salte they knowe not. Wee ourselues vsed the leaues also for pot-hearbes. There is also another great hearbe in forme of a Marigolde, ahout sixe fo ote in height; the head with the floure is a spanne in breadth. Some take it to bee Planta Solis: of the seedes heereof they make both a kinde of bread and broth. All the aforesaide commodities for victuall are set or sowed, sometimes in groundes a part and seuerally by the selues; but for the most part together in one ground ? ixtly: the manner thereof with the dressing and preparing of the ground, because I will note vnto you the fertilitie of the soile; I thinke good briefly to describe. The ground they neuer fatten with mucke, dounge or any other thing; neither plow nor digge it as we in England, but onely prepare it in sort as followeth. A fewe daies before they sowe or set, the men with wooden instruments, made almost in forme of mattockes or hoes with long handles; the women with short peckers or parers, because they vse them sitting, of a foote long and about fiue inches in breadth: doe onely breake the vpper part of the ground to rayse vp the weedes, grasse, & old stubbes o f corne stalkes with their rootes.The which after a day or twoes drying in the Sunne, being scrapte vp into many small heapes, to saue them labour for carrying them away; they burne into ashes. (And whereas some may thinke that they vse the ashes for to better the grounde; I say that then they woulde eyther disperse the ashes abroade; which wee obserued they doe 20 ? briefe and true report of the new found land of Uirginia 21 not, except the heapes bee too great: or els would take speciall care to set their corne where the ashes lie, which also wee finde they are carelesse of. ) And this is all the husbanding of their ground that they vse. Then their setting or sowing is after this maner.First for their corne, beginning in one corner of the plot, with a pecker they make a hole, wherein they put foure graines with that care they touch not one another, (about an inch asunder) and couer them with the moulde againe: and so through out the whole plot, making such holes and vsing them aft er such maner: but with this regard that they bee made in rankes, euery ranke differing from other halfe a fadome or a yarde, and the holes also in euery ranke, as much. By this meanes there is a yarde spare ground betwene euery hole: where according to discretion here and there, they set as many Beanes and Peaze: in diuers places also among the seedes of Macocqwer Melden and Planta solis.The ground being thus set according to the rate by vs experimented, an English Acre conteining fourtie pearches in length, and foure in breadth, doeth there yeeld in croppe or ofcome of corne, beanes, and peaze, at the least two hundred London bushelles: besides the Macocqwer, Melden, and Planta solis: Whenas in England fourtie bushelles of our wheate yeelded out of such an acre is thought to be much. t I thought also good to note this vnto you, y you which shall inhabite and plant there, maie know how specially that countrey corne is there to be preferred before ours: Besides the manifold waies in applying it to victuall, the increase is so much that small labour and paines is needful in respect that must be vsed for ours. For this I can assure you that according to the rate we aue made proofe of, one man may prepare and husband so much grounde (hauing once borne corne before) with lesse then foure and twentie houres labour, as shall yeelde him victuall in a large proportion for a twelue moneth, if hee haue nothing else, but that which the same ground will yeelde, and of that kinde onelie which I haue before spoken of: the saide ground being also but of fiue and twentie yards square. And if neede require, but that there is ground enough, there might be raised out of one and the selfsame ground two haruestes or ofcomes; for they sowe or set and may at anie time when they thinke good from the middest of March vntill the ende of Iune: so that they also set when they haue eaten of their first croppe. In some places of the countrey notwithstanding they haue two haruests, as we ha ue heard, out of one and the same ground. For English corne neuertheles whether to vse or not to vse it, you that inhabite maie do as you shall haue farther cause to thinke best.Of the grouth you need not to doubt: for barlie, oates and peaze, we haue seene proof of, not beeing purposely sowen but fallen casually in the worst sort of ground, and yet to be as faire as any we haue euer seene here in England. But of wheat because it was musty and had taken salt water wee could make no triall: and of rye we had none. Thus much haue I digressed and I hope not vnnecessarily: nowe will I returne againe to my course and intreate of that which yet remaineth appertaining to this Chapter. There is an herbe which is sowed a part by it selfe & is called by the inhabitants vppowoc: In the West Indies it hath diuers names, according to the seuerall places & countries where it groweth and is vsed: The Spaniardes generally call it Tobacco. The leaues thereof being dried 22 ? briefe and true report f the new found land of Uirginia 23 and brought into powder: they vse to take the fume or smoke thereof by sucking it through pipes made of claie into their stomacke and heade; from whence it purgeth superfluous fleame & other grosse humors, openeth all the pores & passages of the body: by which meanes the vse thereof, not only preserueth the body from obstructions; but also if any be, so that they haue not beene of too long continuance, in short time breaketh them: wherby their bodies are notably preserued in health, & know not many greeuous diseases wherewithall wee in England are oftentimes afflicted. This Vppowoc is of so precious estimation amongest the? that they thinke their gods are maruelously delighted therwith: Wherupon sometime they make hallowed fires & cast some of the pouder therein for a sacrifice: being in a storme vppon the waters, to pacifie their gods, they cast some vp into the aire and into the water: so a weare for fish being newly set vp, they cast some therei n and into the aire: also after an escape of danger, they cast some into the aire likewise: but all done with strange gestures, stamping, somtime dauncing, clapping of hands, holding vp of hands, & staring vp into the heaue? s, vttering therewithal and chattering strange words & noises. We ourselues during the time we were there vsed to suck it after their maner, as also since our returne, & haue found manie rare and wonderful experiments of the vertues thereof; of which the relation woulde require a volume by it selfe: the vse of it by so manie of late, men & women of great calling as else, and some learned Phisitions also, is sufficient witnes. And these are all the commodities for sustenance of life that I know and can remember they vse to husband: all else that followe are founde growing naturally or wilde. Of Rootes.Penauk are a kind of roots of round forme, some of the bignes of walnuts, some far greater, which are found in moist & marish grounds growing many together one by a nother in ropes, or as thogh they were fastnened with a string. Being boiled or sodden they are very good meate. Okeepenauk are also of roud shape, found in dry ? grouds: some are of the bignes of a mans head. They are ? to be eaten as they are taken out of the ground, for by reason of their drinesse they will neither roste nor seeth. Their tast is not so good as of the former rootes, notwithstanding for want of bread & somtimes for varietie the inhabita ts vse to eate them with fish or flesh, and ? in my iudgement they doe as well as the houshold bread made of rie heere in England.Kaishucpenauk a white kind of roots about the bignes of hen egs & nere of that forme: their tast was not so good to our seeming as of the other, and therfore their place and manner of growing not so much cared for by vs: the inhabitants notwithstanding vsed to boile & eate many. t Tsinaw a kind of roote much like vnto y which in England is called the China root brought from the East Indies. And we know no t anie thing to the contrary but that it maie be of the same kind. These roots grow manie together in great clusters and doe bring foorth a brier stalke, but the leafe in shape far vnlike; which beeing supported by the trees it groweth neerest vnto, wil reach or climbe to the top of the highest. From these roots while they be new or fresh beeing chopt into small pieces & stampt, is strained with water a iuice that maketh bread, & also being boiled, a very good spoone- O 24 ? briefe and true report f the new found land of Uirginia Of Fruites. 25 meate in maner of a gelly, and is much better in tast if it bee tempered with oyle. This Tsinaw is not of that sort which by some was caused to be brought into England for the China roote, for it was discouered since, and is in vse as is aforesaide: but that which was brought hither is not yet knowne neither by vs nor by the inhabitants to serue for any vse or purpose; although the rootes in shape are very like. Coscushaw, some of our company tooke to bee that kinde of roote which the Spaniards in the West Indies call Cassauy, whereupon also many called it by that name: it groweth in very muddie pooles and moist groundes.Being dressed according to the countrey maner, it maketh a good bread, and also a good sponemeate, and is vsed very much by the inhabitants: The iuice of this root is poison, and therefore heede must be taken before any thing be made therewithall: Either the rootes must bee first sliced and dried in the Sunne, or by the fire, and then being pounded into floure wil make good bread: or els while they are greene they are to bee pared, cut into pieces and stampt; loues of the same to be laid neere or ouer the fire vntill it be soure, and then being well pounded againe, bread, or spone meate very god in taste, and holsome may be made thereof. Habascon is a roote of hoat taste almost of the forme and bignesse of a Parseneepe, of it selfe it is no victuall, but onely a helpe beeing boiled together with other m eates. There are also Leekes differing little from ours in England that grow in many places of the coutrey, of ? which, when we came in places where they were, wee gathered and eate many, but the naturall inhabitants neuer. C Hestnuts, there are in diuers places great store: some they vse to eate rawe, some they stampe and boile to make spoonemeate, and with some being sodde they make such a manner of dowe bread as they ? vse of their beanes before mentioned.Walnuts: There are two kindes of Walnuts, and of the infinit store: In many places where very great woods ? for many miles together the third part of trees are walnut-trees. The one kind is of the same taste and forme or litle differing from ours of England, but that they are harder and thicker shelled: the other is greater and hath a verie ragged and harde shell: but the kernell great, verie oylie and sweete. Besides their eating of them after our ordinarie maner, they breake them with stones and pound them in morters with wate r to make a milk which they vse to put into some sorts of their spoonmeate; also among their sodde wheat, peaze, beanes and pompions which maketh them haue a farre more pleasant taste. Medlars a kind f verie good fruit, so called by vs chieflie for these respectes: first in that they are not good vntill they be rotten: then in that they open at the head as our medlars, and are about the same bignesse: otherwise in taste and colour they are farre different: for they are as red as cheries and very sweet: but whereas the cherie is sharpe sweet, they are lushious sweet. Metaquesunnauk, a kinde of pleasaunt fruite almost of the shape & bignes of English peares, but that they are of a perfect red colour as well within as without. They grow on a plant whose leaues are verie thicke and full of prickles as sharpe as needles. Some that haue bin in the Indies, where they haue seen that kind of red 26 ? briefe and true report f the new found land of Uirginia 27 die of great price which is calle d Cochinile to grow, doe describe his plant right like vnto this of Metaquesunnauk but whether it be the true cochinile or a bastard or wilde kind, it cannot yet be certified; seeing that also as I heard, Cochinile is not of the fruite but founde on the leaues of the plant; which leaues for such matter we haue not so specially obserued. Grapes there are of two sorts which I mentioned in the marchantable comodities. Straberies there are as good & as great as those which we haue in our English gardens. Mulberies, Applecrabs, Hurts or Hurtleberies, such as wee haue in England.Sacquenummener a kinde of berries almost like vnto capres but somewhat greater which grow together in clusters vpon a plant or herb that is found in shalow waters: being boiled eight or nine hours according to their kind are very good meate and holesome, otherwise if they be eaten they will make a man for the time franticke or extremely sicke. There is a kind of reed which beareth a seed almost like vnto our rie o r wheat, & being boiled is good meate. In our trauailes in some places wee founde wilde peaze like vnto ours in England but that they were lesse, which are also good meate. Of a kinde of fruite or berrie in forme of Acornes. Here is a kind of berrie or acorne, of which there are fiue sorts that grow on seuerall kinds of trees; the one is called Sagatemener, the second Osamener, the third Pummuckoner. These kind of acorns they vse to drie vpon hurdles made of reeds with fire vnderneath al- most after the maner as we dry malt in Englad. When ? hey are to be vsed they first water them vntil they be soft & then being sod they make a good victual, either to eate so simply, or els being also pounded, to make loaues or lumpes of bread. These be also the three kinds of which, I said before, the inhabitants vsed to make sweet oyle. An other sort is called Sapummener which being boiled or parched doth eate and taste like vnto chestnuts. They sometime also make bread of this sort. The fifth so rt is called Mangummenauk, and is the acorne of their kind of oake, the which beeing dried after the maner of the first sortes, and afterward watered they boile them, & their seruants or sometime the chiefe the selues, either for variety or for want of bread, ? doe eate them with their fish or flesh. Of Beastes.Eare, in some places there are great store: neere vnto the sea coast they are of the ordinarie bignes as ours in England, & some lesse: but further vp into the countrey where there is better feed they are greater: they differ from ours onely in this, their tailes are longer and the snags of their hornes looke backward. Conies, Those that we haue seen & al that we can heare of are of a grey colour like vnto hares: in some places there are such plentie that all the people of some townes make them mantles of the furre or flue of the skinnes of those they vsually take. Saquenuckot & Maquowoc; two kindes of small beastes greater then conies which are very good meat. We neuer tooke any of them our selues, but sometime eate of such as the inhabitants had taken & brought vnto vs. D T 28 ? briefe and true report f the new found land of Uirginia 29 Squirels which are of a grey colour, we haue take & eate. ? ? Beares which are all of black colour. The beares of this countrey are good meat; the inhabitants in time of winter do vse to take & eate manie, so also somtime did wee. They are taken commonlie in this sort. In some Ilands or places where they are, being hunted for, as soone as they haue spiall of a man they presently run awaie, & then being chased they clime and get vp the next tree they can, from whence with arrowes they are shot downe starke dead, or with those wounds that they may after easily be killed; we sometime shotte them downe with our caleeuers.I haue the names of eight & twenty seuerall sortes of beasts which I haue heard of to be here and there dispersed in the coutrie, especially in the maine: of which ? there are only twelue kinds that we hau e yet discouered, & of those that be good meat we know only them before metioned. The inhabitants somtime kil the Lyon ? & eat him: & we somtime as they came to our hands of their Wolues or woluish Dogges, which I haue not set downe for good meat, least that some woulde vnderstand my iudgement therin to be more simple than needeth, although I could alleage the difference in taste of those kindes from ours, which by some of our company haue beene experimented in both. Of Foule. eaten, & haue the pictures as they were there drawne with the names of the inhabitaunts of seuerall strange ? ortes of water foule eight, and seue teene kinds more of land foul, although wee haue seen and eaten of many more, which for want of leasure there for the purpose coulde not bee pictured: and after wee are better furnished and stored vpon further discouery, with their strange beastes, fishe, trees, plants, and hearbes, they shall bee also published. There are also Parats, Faulcons, & Marlin haukes, whi ch although with vs they bee not vsed for meate, yet for other causes I thought good to mention. Of Fishe. F T Vrkie cockes and Turkie hennes: Stockdoues: Partridges: Cranes: Hernes: & in winter great store of Swannes & Geese. Of al sortes of foule I haue the names in the countrie language of fourescore and sixe of which number besides those that be named, we haue taken,Or foure monethes of the yeere, February, March, Aprill and May, there are plentie of Sturgeons: And also in the same monethes of Herrings, some of the ordinary bignesse as ours in England, but the most part farre greater, of eighteene, twentie inches, and some two foote in length and better; both these kindes of fishe in those monethes are most plentifull, and in best season, which wee founde to bee most delicate and pleasaunt meate. There are also Troutes: Porpoises: Rayes: Oldwiues: Mullets: Plaice: and very many other sortes of excellent good fish, which we haue taken & eaten, whose names I know not but in the co untrey language; wee haue of twelue sorts more the pictures as they were drawn in the countrey with their names. The inhabitants vse to take the two maner of wayes, ? the one is by a kind of wear made of reedes which in that countrey are very strong. The other way which is 30 ? briefe and true report of the new found land of Uirginia 31 ore strange, is with poles made sharpe at one ende, by shooting them into the fish after the maner as Irishmen cast dartes; either as they are rowing in their boates or els as they are wading in the shallowes for the purpose. There are also in many places plentie of these kindes which follow. Sea crabbes, such as we haue in England. Oysters, some very great, and some small; some rounde and some of a long shape: They are founde both in salt water and brackish, and those that we had out of salt water are far better than the other as in our owne countrey. Also Muscles: Scalopes: Periwinkles: and Creuises. Seekanauk, a kinde of crustie shell fishe which is good meate, about a foote in breadth, hauing a crustie tayle, many legges like a crab; and her eyes in her backe. They are founde in shallowes of salt waters; and sometime on the shoare.There are many Tortoyses both of lande and sea kinde, their backes & bellies are shelled very thicke; their head, feete, and taile, which are in appearance, seeme ougly as though they were members of a serpent or venemous: but notwithstanding they are very good meate, as also their egges. Some haue bene founde of a yard in bredth and better. And thus haue I made relation of all sortes of victuall that we fed vpon for the time we were in Virginia, as also the inhabitants themselues, as farre foorth as I knowe and can remember or that are specially worthy to bee remembred. The third and last part of such other plant and inhabit to know of; with a description of the nature and manners of the people of the countrey. Of commodities for building and other necessary vses.Hose other things which I am more to make rehearsall of, are such as concerne building, and other mechanicall necessarie vses; as diuers sortes of trees for house & ship timber, and other vses els: Also lime, stone, and brick, least that being not mentioned some might haue bene doubted of, or by some that are malicious reported the contrary. Okes, there are as faire, straight, tall, and as good timber as any can be, and also great store, and in some places very great. Walnut trees, as I haue saide before very many, some haue bene seen excellent faire timber of foure & fiue fadome, & aboue fourescore foot streight without bough. Firre trees fit for masts of ships, some very tall & great. Rakiock, a kind of trees so called that are sweet wood of which the inhabitans that were neere vnto vs doe commo make their boats or Canoes of the form ? y of trowes; only with the helpe of fire, hatchets of stones, and shels; we haue known some so great being made in that sort of one tree that they haue carried well xx. men at once , besides much baggage: the timber being great, tal, streight, soft, light, & yet tough enough I thinke (besides other vses) to be fit also for masts of ships. Cedar, a sweet wood good for seelings, Chests, thinges as is behoofull for those which shall 32 ? briefe and true report of the new found land of Uirginia 33 Boxes, Bedsteedes, Lutes, Virginals, and many things els, as I haue also said before. Some of our company which haue wandered in some places where I haue not bene, haue made certaine affirmation of Cyprus which for such and other excellent vses, is also a wood of price and no small estimation.Maple, and also Wich-hazle, wherof the inhabitants vse to make their bowes. Holly a necessary thing for the making of birdlime. Willowes good for the making of weares and weeles to take fish after the English manner, although the inhabitants vse only reedes, which because they are so strong as also flexible, do serue for that turne very well and sufficiently. Beech and Ashe, good fo r caske, hoopes: and if neede require, plow worke, as also for many things els. Elme. Sassafras trees. Ascopo a kinde of tree very like vnto Lawrell, the barke is hoat in tast and spicie, it is very like to that tree which Monardus describeth to bee Cassia Lignea of the West Indies.There are many other strange trees whose names I knowe not but in the Virginian language, of which I am not nowe able, neither is it so conuenient for the present to trouble you with particular relation: seeing that for timber and other necessary vses I haue named sufficient: And of many of the rest but that they may be applied to good vse, I know no cause to doubt. Now for Stone, Bricke and Lime, thus it is. Neere vnto the Sea coast where wee dwelt, there are no kinde of stones to bee found (except a fewe small pebbles about foure miles off) but such as haue bene brought from farther out of the maine. In some of our voiages wee haue seene diuers hard raggie stones, great pebbles, and a kinde of grey ston e like vnto marble, of which the inhabitants make their hatchets to cleeue wood. Vpon inquirie wee heard that a little further vp into the Countrey were of all sortes verie many, although of Quarries they are ignorant, neither haue they vse of any store whereupon they should haue occasion to seeke any.For if euerie housholde haue one or two to cracke Nuttes, grinde shelles, whet copper, and sometimes other stones for hatchets, they haue enough: neither vse they any digging, but onely for graues about three foote deepe: and therefore no maruaile that they know neither Quarries, nor lime stones, which both may bee in places neerer than they wot of. In the meane time vntill there bee discouerie of sufficient store in some place or other conuenient, the want of you which are and shalbe the planters therein may be as well supplied by Bricke: for the making whereof in diuers places of the countrey there is clay both excellent good, and plentie; and also by lime made of Oister shels, and o f others burnt, after the maner as they vse in the Iles of Tenet and Shepy, and also in diuers other places of England: Which kinde of lime is well knowne to bee as good as any other.And of Oister shels there is plentie enough: for besides diuers other particular places where are abundance, there is one shallowe sounde along the coast, where for the space of many miles together in length, and two or three miles in breadth, the grounde is nothing els beeing but halfe a foote or a foote vnder water for the most part. This much can I say further more of stones, that about 120. miles from our fort neere the water in the side 34 ? briefe and true report of the new found land of Uirginia 35 of a hill was founde by a Gentleman of our company, a great veine of hard ragge stones, which I thought good to remember vnto you. Of the nature and manners of the people.T resteth I speake a word or two of the naturall inhabitants, their natures and maners, leauing large discourse thereof vntill time more conuenient hereafter: nowe onely so farre foorth, as that you may know, how that they in respect of troubling our inhabiting and planting, are not to be feared; but that they shall haue cause both to feare and loue vs, that shall inhabite with them. They are a people clothed with loose mantles made of Deere skins, & aprons of the same rounde about their middles; all els naked; of such a difference of statures only as wee in England; hauing no edge tooles or weapons of yron or steele to offend vs withall, neither know t they how to make any: those weapons y they haue, are onlie bowes made of Witch hazle, & arrowes of reeds; flat edged truncheons also of wood about a yard long, neither haue they any thing to defe d the selues but tar? ? gets made of barks; and some armours made of stickes wickered together with thread.Their townes are but small, & neere the sea coast but few, some containing but 10. or 12. houses: some 20. the greatest that we haue seene haue bene but of 30. hous es: if they be walled it is only done with barks of trees made fast to stakes, or els with poles onely fixed vpright and close one by another. Their houses are made of small poles made fast at the tops in rounde forme after the maner as is vsed in many arbories in our gardens of England, in most townes couered with barkes, and in some with artificiall mattes made of long rushes; from the tops of the houses downe to the ground. The length of them is commonly double to the breadth, in some places they are but 12. and 16. ardes long, and in other some wee haue seene of foure and twentie. In some places of the countrey one onely towne belongeth to the gouernment of a Wiroans or chiefe Lorde; in other some two or three, in some sixe, eight, & more; the greatest Wiroans that yet we had dealing with had but eighteene townes in his gouernment, and able to make not aboue seuen or eight hundred fighting men at the most: The language of euery gouernment is different from any other, and the far ther they are distant the greater is the difference. Their maner of warres amongst themselues is either by sudden surprising one an other most co ? monly about the dawning of the day, or oone light; or els by ambushes, or some suttle deuises: Set battels are very rare, except it fall out where there are many trees, where eyther part may haue some hope of defence, after the deliuerie of euery arrow, in leaping behind some or other. If there fall out any warres between vs & them, what their fight is likely to bee, we hauing aduantages against them so many maner of waies, as by our discipline, our strange weapons and deuises els; especially by ordinance great and small, it may be easily imagined; by the experience we haue had in some places, the turning vp of their heeles against vs in running away was their best defence. 36 ? briefe and true report of the new found land of Uirginia 37In respect of vs they are a people poore, and for want of skill and iudgement in the knowledge and vse of our things, doe esteeme our trifles before thinges of greater value: Notwithstanding in their proper manner considering the want of such meanes as we haue, they seeme very ingenious; For although they haue no such tooles, nor any such craftes, sciences and artes as wee; yet in those thinges they doe, they shewe excellencie of wit. And by howe much they vpon due consideration shall finde our manner of knowledges and craftes to exceede theirs in perfection, and speed for doing or execution, by so much the more is it probable that they shoulde desire our friendships & loue, and haue the greater respect for pleasing and obeying vs. Whereby may bee hoped if meanes of good gouernment bee vsed, that they may in short time be brought to ciuilitie, and the imbracing of true religion. Some religion they haue alreadie, which although it be farre from the truth, yet beyng as it is, there is hope it may bee the easier and sooner reformed.They beleeue that there are many Gods which they call Montoac, but of different sortes and degrees; one onely chiefe and great God, which hath bene from all eternitie. Who as they affirme when hee purposed to make the worlde, made first other goddes of a principall order to bee as meanes and instruments to bee vsed in the creation and gouernment to follow; and after the Sunne, Moone, and Starres, as pettie goddes and the instruments of the other order more principall. First they say were made waters, out of which by the gods was made all diuersitie of creatures that are visible or inuisible. For mankind they say a woman was made first, which by the woorking of one of the goddes, conceiued and brought foorth children: And in such sort they say they had their beginning.But how manie yeeres or ages haue passed since, they say they can make no relatio , hauing no letters nor other ? such meanes as we to keepe recordes of the particularities of times past, but onelie tradition from father to sonne. They thinke that all the gods are of human e shape, & therfore they represent them by images in the formes of men, which they call Kewasowok one alone is called Kewas; Them they place in houses appropriate or temples which they call Machicomuck; Where they woorship, praie, sing, and make manie times offerings vnto them. In some Machicomuck we haue seene but one Kewas, in some two, and in other some three; The common sort thinke them to be also gods.They beleeue also the immortalitie of the soule, that after this life as soone as the soule is departed from the bodie according to the workes it hath done, it is eyther carried to heauen the habitacle of gods, there to enioy perpetuall blisse and happinesse, or els to a great pitte or hole, which they thinke to bee in the furthest partes of their part of the worlde towarde the sunne set, there to burne continually: the place they call Popogusso. For the confirmation of this opinion, they tolde mee two stories of two men that had been lately dead and reuiued againe, the one happen ed but few yeres before our comming into the countrey of a wicked man which hauing beene dead and buried, the next day the earth of the graue beeing seene to moue, was taken vp againe; Who made declaration where his soule had 38 ? briefe and true report of the new found land of Uirginia 39 beene, that is to saie very neere entring into Popogusso, had not one of the gods saued him & gaue him leaue to returne againe, and teach his friends what they should doe to auoid that terrible place of torment.The other happened in the same yeere wee were there, but in a towne that was threescore miles from vs, and it was tolde mee for straunge newes that one beeing dead, buried and taken vp againe as the first, shewed that although his bodie had lien dead in the graue, yet his soule was aliue, and had trauailed farre in a long broade waie, on both sides whereof grewe most delicate and pleasaunt trees, bearing more rare and excellent fruites then euer hee had seene before or was able to expresse, and at length came to most braue and faire houses, neere which hee met his father, that had beene dead before, who gaue him great charge to goe backe againe and shew his friendes what good they were to doe to enioy the pleasures of that place, which when he had done he should after come againe. What subtilty soeuer be in the Wiroances and Priestes, this opinion worketh so much in manie of the common and simple sort of people that it maketh them haue great respect to their Gouernours, and also great care what they do, to auoid torment after death, and to enioy blisse; although notwithstanding there is punishment ordained for malefactours, as stealers, whoremoongers, and other sortes of wicked doers; some punished with death, some with forfeitures, some with beating, according to the greatnes of the factes.And this is the summe of their religio which I ? , learned by hauing special familiarity with some of their priestes. Wherein they were not so sure grounded, nor gaue such credite to their traditions and stories but through conuersing with vs they were brought into great doubts of their owne, and no small admiration of ours, with earnest desire in many, to learne more than we had meanes for want of perfect vtterance in their language to expresse. Most thinges they sawe with vs, as Mathematicall instruments, sea compasses, the vertue of the loadstone in drawing yron, a perspectiue glasse whereby was shewed manie strange sightes, burning glasses, wildefire oorkes, gunnes, bookes, writing and reading, spring clocks that seeme to goe of themselues, and manie other thinges that wee had, were so straunge vnto them, and so farre exceeded their capacities to comprehend the reason and meanes how they should be made and done, that they thought they were rather the works of gods then of men, or at the leastwise they had bin giuen and taught vs of the gods. Which made manie of them to haue such opinion of vs, as that if they knew not the trueth of god and religion alread y, it was rather to be had from vs, whom God so specially loued then from a people that were so simple, as they found themselues to be in comparison of vs. Whereupon greater credite was giuen vnto that we spake of concerning such matters.Manie times and in euery towne where I came, according as I was able, I made declaration of the contentes of the Bible; that therein was set foorth the true and onelie GOD, and his mightie woorkes, that therein was contayned the true doctrine of saluation through Christ, with manie particularities of Miracles and chiefe poyntes of religion, as I was able then to vtter, and thought fitte for the time. And although I told them the booke materially & of itself was not of anie such vertue, as I thought they did conceiue, but onely the doctrine 40 ? briefe and true report of the new found land of Uirginia 41 therein contained; yet would many be glad to touch it, to embrace it, to kisse it, to hold it to their brests and heades, and stroke ouer all their bodie with it; to shewe their hungrie desire of that knowledge which was spoken of.The Wiroans with whom we dwelt called Wingina, and many of his people would be glad many times to be with vs at our praiers, and many times call vpon vs both in his owne towne, as also in others whither he sometimes accompanied vs, to pray and sing Psalmes; hoping thereby to bee partaker of the same effectes which wee by that meanes also expected. Twise this Wiroans was so grieuously sicke that he was like to die, and as hee laie languishing, doubting of anie helpe by his owne priestes, and thinking he was in such daunger for offending vs and thereby our god, sent for some of vs to praie and bee a meanes to our God that it would please him either that he might liue or after death dwell with him in blis

Greek Mythology Focusing on Hesiod's Works and Days, Virgil's Georgics Essay

Greek Mythology Focusing on Hesiod's Works and Days, Virgil's Georgics and Hesiod's Theogony - Essay Example We can therefore conclude that the cosmogony, as well as the theogony, is a representation of the universality of the world. These are representations of the realistic order of the world. According to mythology, the universe has gone several states from generation to generation and yet humans are still considered part of creation that only serve the balance and harmony of creation. We have no authority or power that could surpass the power of the gods. Theogony and cosmogony are realizations of the governing of things in the universe. Humans are a part of creation and that they have the authority to manage other creations. They are considered more special compared to other worldly creatures. On the contrary, they cannot be as powerful as the gods. They cannot be on the same ground as the gods. The story of Prometheus was an example of this governing and ordering of things. He was punished for his disobedience, and this first part of cosmogony just shows how inferior or powerless humans are compared to the gods. The place or position of humans whether in Greek mythology or the Genesis story of creation expresses authority and governess over the other creations on earth. It is more definite than the story of power struggle among gods. As a whole, humans are the center of balance and harmony in the real world. Human beings have the authority to reestablish the earth or destroy its harmonious existence. This is true even in the modern time. The reality of human existence and its role in the universe is made the cosmogony and theogony have theorized. Gods are just myths, but human existence in this world plays a vital role in the orderly state of the

Tourism Industry Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6500 words

Tourism Industry - Case Study Example The second chapter reviews the relationship between environment and tourism as well as its implications to TUI. The third chapter analyzes the performance of TUI and it's those features that contributed to achieve the No.1 position in tourism and shipping industry. It further explains the key unmatchable factors that have made TUI far ahead of its market competitors. In the end the current structural changes in different business fields are discussed and TUI's response to these changes with its corporate strategies and business models. In order to complete this paper, a meticulous research has been done on available information on the subject of tourism and contribution of TUI in this field. A variety of case studies and few books and online journals were reviewed. Online available resources are given special precedence than available library books because there is no specific book available about a particular tourism company. It is the biggest limitations of this research that in co mparison to available web-based resources, hard copy books are not readily available specifically about TUI. TUI is an abbreviation of Touristik Union International that was established in 1968. As Preussag AG, it remained a renowned organization in transportation and industrial sector till 2001 when it became a 100% subsidiary of Preussag AG. In next ear, Preussag AG was transformed into TUI AG. During next few year

Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Media - Essay Example Table of Contents Thesis Statement 2 Introduction 4 Astonishing Effects of Newspapers†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 Conclusion 5 References 7 Introduction A newspaper is a type of publication, which offers varied types of valuable news and information regarding varied aspects to its customers. It mainly attempts to offer real news to the viewers, so as to make them well aware about the facts and facets of the entire nation and world. On the basis of which, varied types of decisions are taken by the viewers, so as to improve their well-being, resulting in improvement of the country as well. Other than this, the segment of trade and commerce is resting over the economic conditions of the country. Along with this, the decisions of the buyers and shareholders are also entirely dependent over the daily news, advertised in printed hard copies or online website s. Moreover, all types of trade related decisions are always based upon information - that is accurate, substantial, and appropriate. It proves quite beneficial for those individuals, desiring to invest in varied shares and debentures of different companies (Price Water Cooper, â€Å"Moving into multiple business models†). This helps in fulfillment of the inner desires of the heart of most of the entrepreneurs, i.e. to become rich in a very short period of time. It can be possible only if, an individual or an entrepreneur remains aware and conscious about the facts and information, occurring in everyday life, so as to take the accurate planning’s and decisions. It acts as a mirror for all the viewers, providing a fair image of the entire world. Along with this, it also provides a facility to analyse the opinions of varied popular individuals, acting as an intermediary to exchange different ideas and thoughts. Astonishing Effects of Newspapers Just as the proverb, †˜Time and tide wait for none’, similarly good news also never waits for anyone. So, to remain updated with every sort of information or data, it is extremely essential to keep an eye on the online newspaper sites as well. Moreover, its craze increased with a remarkable speed due to the introduction of information technology. It gave an up-thirst to the online websites of newspaper, by enhancing the passion of the viewers over internet. This affected in an optimistic way, augmenting the internal spirits of the enthusiastic and energetic personnel’s to select journalism as their career in future times. Moreover, according to Cole &Harcup, â€Å"newspapers conquer a critical place in human world, acting as a realm of social life† (Cole, P & Harcup, T. â€Å"Newspaper Journalism†). This is because; it offers detail reports about the various places of the world, business opportunities, environment, sports, political scenario and various types of holiday sport s and the economy among others. With the help of this, an individual can attain a complete picture of the entire country, residing in far-away places. Therefore, it might facilitate a country to improve the economic condition of the country as compared to other players of the market. Other only this, it might also facilitate by increasing the number of customers, thereby improving their lifestyle. It is extremely essential for any developed country, to retain and enhance its portfolio day by day, among other countries. Moreover, as most of the

Quality Management in MNC - Organisation Research Paper

Quality Management in MNC - Organisation - Research Paper Example Therefore, the quality of the product is variable and could not be confined to one single definition and the standard of quality fluctuates according to the customer needs and expectation. For that reason, the organization should grasp the customer’s need by evaluating the level of quality by the customer’s desires and expectations meet total quality management (Schneiderman, 2002). What is known about the quality Management in the organization? An organization identifies the total quality management as an approach to enhance the efficiency, credibility and flexibility of an organization. It assumes great importance in managing the organization with compatibility and allows the organization to discard those efforts and unwanted diligence which is unable to contribute in the development of an organization. Leaders are getting enlightened and providing an effective strategy towards the improvement of managing department and its related sources. It provides the way by whic h problems are not only detected but prevented too. People are also getting successful by the involvement of TQM which is first set up by the leaders of the organization. All senior managers are keen to adopt the efficiency and principles of total management quality for providing their customers best quality over products and services. However, middle managers are also obliged to demonstrate their task under the course of TQM and promote the strategies within the principle to get their people benefited. An organization could not relish the fundamental benefits of TQM without above prime responsibilities of managing department. Organizations are determined that an astounding quality policy can only be possible by the systematic plan and approach and therefore contemplates excessively for the desired result. Leaders are coming to the front and examining all the policies that whether they would meet the company objectives and console customer’s aim (Porter & Parker, 2006). To ma ke total management quality accessible in an organization, effective leaderships are required which first established the customer’s desire oriented objective, pursued by a strategy and finally the implementations of the policy is the key to the organization’s success. An organization also understands the importance of reviewing and improving of the management system. A TQM approach ultimately drags the organization to a credible position which tightens the customers and the organization relationship for a very long term (Bank, 1992). What are the principles of quality management? The TQM offers a procedure through which all the management members and employees contribute in the continuous improvements of the production process and the offerings of the business. The tools of total quality management are aimed at increasing business and reducing losses and to cut the extra cost of production. TQM is a management term that integrates all the functions of the business lik e marketing, design, engineering, production, customer services etc. to meet the organizational goals and objectives. There are eight major principles reinforce the quality management system in any organization. The senior members in management very often exploit these principles in order to have sound management. Following are the major principles with its reach to improve the management (Joiner, 2006).

Noise Pollution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Noise Pollution - Essay Example The management also should let their employees wear protection from noise to avoid hearing defect. Next is, they should have a specific noise peaks hours. Just like in the City of Bloomington, they imposed rules about noise control to take care the health and welfare of citizenry around its city. From parties to all amplified music are going to undergo with the noise control policy. If ever one breaks the policy will be subject to a 50 dollar fine or a charge of disorderly conduct. SITUATION B: Radon gas emits Alpha particles which may cause lung cancer if inhaled by an individual. Several friends of yours are purchasing a new home in an area where you understand that radon gas may be common. Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive gas produced by the radioactive decay of the element radium. It usually enters a house or building through openings in the ground, and its presence increases the risk of lung cancer. I'll advice my friend to conduct a radon test in the place where they will purchase a new home. This procedure will enable them to be much informed the level of abundance of radon in the place. B... If the house tests below 4 pCi/L most experts agree that there is a relatively low probability of significant health risk at this low level of exposure. However, we recommend retesting the radon levels once you move in, to verify this low reading.

Violence in the Media Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Violence in the Media - Research Paper Example Taking a modern example of a person glancing through the pages of a newspaper, who happens to see an illustration of a man drenched in blood, what effect could that person have had upon seeing such a horrifying picture? Negative emotions such as fear and disgust would have developed in his heart. It is natural, there is no doubt. But after the development of this negative emotion, would it lead to any kind of violence on the part of the person? The answer is probably a YES. Understanding the Meaning of Violence and its Historical Existence Violence has been described as an â€Å"intentional physical or/and psychical damage to a person, a living being or a thing, through another person.† (Arnold, 2007, p. 2, as cited in Kunczik, 1994, p. 15).Violence in the media is, however, not a phenomenon of the present. Some historical works and events also display and promote acts of violence such as one of Shakespeare’s play called the Hamlet contains fighting scenes, where fighti ng is an act of violence. Media was not that developed in historical times. However, the current media which includes: television, newspapers, video games and mainly the internet, giving easy exposure of information to the society, has further helped the escalation of the display of violence; consequently, bringing more negativity into the society. Violent representations are so deeply ingrained in our culture. Story telling, master pieces of literature and art, fairy tales and folk-lore, theatre and opera of historical times also contained the element of violence. And presently, the television programs, movies, children cartoons, newspapers and the internet are not free from the depictions of violence. Ubiquity of violent representations has become a part of everyday life for the society. Turn on the television or pick up any newspaper, one may surely find some element of violence in them. For example, a television program showing a documentary related to the war on terrorism is a form of violent display or showing the aftermaths of a natural disaster. (Trend, 2007, p. 3, 4). Affects of Media Violence on the Society Depictions of violence through media have affected the society mainly in a negative way. Scientific studies and research have also found out the existence of some negative behavior due to media violence; especially among the children and the youth of today. Two major affects that will be discussed here are: aggression and depression. These affects are mainly psychological in nature and may also lead to physical violence. One may have observed aggressive attitudes among children who play video games which are violent in nature such as fighting games or any other game that has a difficulty level so high that a child is unable to win the game. Such games make a child aggressive because he wants to win the fight or any difficult game. Aggression is displayed through a physical or verbal attack. A verbal aggression, for example, is when children tend t o say bad words and a physical aggression can be seen when they hit each other if one of them is winning and the other is loosing. Albert Bandura performed a study recently in which he found out that aggression is a learned behavior. He took the children

Motivation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Motivation - Essay Example His vision is geared to improve the existing working dynamics within his organization as well as to properly scrutinize the effects of productivity as per the domains of the organization. Rewarding employees for the sake of motivation could work wonders for them since these employees are mostly dependent on fiscal and economic upheavals within their lives. If the entrepreneurial firm understands these concerns, it would not be wrong to suggest that growth and development within such reins would happen in a very quick way. The employees will understand the fact that the organization is sincere towards their working basis and hence it makes all the more reason for them to remain loyal and dedicated as per the cause of the entrepreneurial firm itself. This will thus form a symbiotic relationship – where each of the stakeholders within the organization itself will look to provide benefit to the other party (Brewer, 2000). An entrepreneurial firm must be proactive in its approach towards motivating its own employees as this will manifest its attachment with the work processes, business realms and so on. If this firm does not pay proper heed towards the concerns of the employees and has no interest in motivating them on a consistent basis, it is a given that the employees will either start taking their work for granted or would leave their respective jobs and pursue their careers elsewhere. An entrepreneurial firm cannot afford such inactions and needs to devise policies and mechanisms through which growth levels could be further boosted (Wright, 2001). This can however exponentially increase and in a dramatic way if motivation comes about in full circle. If the rewards are in monetary terms, the employees appreciate the concern shown by the organization itself. Also at times, promotions and other incentives like bonuses, added privileges, etc are given to the employees who in essence get

Gender Identity Essay Example for Free

Gender Identity Essay Blonde hair, blue eyes, long legs, the perfect 10; Barbie. Barbie was the top selling doll for girl’s ages seven to thirteen from 1959 to 2006. This fashion diva has gone to Hawaii, has many different looks, a mansion, and a number of different vehicles. While Barbie has everything she could ever want, what does she teach our children? Little girls want to be perfect, like Barbie, a nearly unachievable goal. It lowers their self-worth and sets unrealistic standards. Because of this, some countries are restricting the sales of the dolls and even with the new advancement’s Mattel has made to improve Barbie’s â€Å"aura† so-to-speak, there is still a very prominent suggestive gender orientation; such roles now include, architect, computer designer, veterinarian, teacher, pastry chef, and female sports. Barbie dolls influence very stereotypical gender roles when developing gender identity; these toys teach that girls are to be tall, thin, pretty house wives and caregivers. When children strive for unrealistic perfection it lowers their self-image and confidence. As stated; Barbie is the model of perfection. Barbie has negative influence on young girls, and makes then self-conscious about their physical appearance because of Barbie’s unrealistic body features. Girls aspire to be very thin, like Barbie. This leads to eating disorders at a young age and causes long term psychological harm. In Australia, there is a cosmetic procedure known as â€Å"The Barbie Treatment† It’s main patients are girls between the ages of 16 and 20. This unrealistic ideality of what a woman should look like creates self-loathing in girls who are perfect in their own way because they are less than the Barbie standard. World-wide, people are noticing the effects Barbie has on its children. From the UK to Australia to our very own United States, scholars and doctors have been studding the impact Barbie may have on their youth. Iran has banned Barbie dolls bec ause of the impact it’s having on their young girls. Barbie also sets a standard of â€Å"good house wifery† and vanity. The most popular Barbie dolls include Malibu Barbie, Barbie’s Home Kitchen and Beauty Shop Barbie; the perfect recipe for a perfect bimbo. Now – a – days, there are so many things women are capable of! It is truly disappointing to see that Barbie has such gender-specific roles in the past. Mattel has tried â€Å"upping the ante† so-to-speak by introducing new Barbie’s  with little to no success. In 2008, Mattel introduced its new Barbie Line: I can B. This introduced many different careers for Barbie. Architect, computer designer, veterinarian, teacher, pastry chef, and female Olympic Sports are her newest trends. While that’s all well-and-good, the roles are still gender oriented. All of them are care-giver roles. There is now a Facebook page for Barbie to â€Å"redeem† herself; this petition is asking Mattel to make bald Barbie’s and donate a percentage of the profit to research for childhood cancers. After 2 years and snide comments from the toy maker, news is they are finally in the planning stages for Barbie’s Bald Friend. Do we really want our children to believe that they are less than perfect the way they are? That they must be thin to be loved and appreciated? Should our young girls all just assume that the only role a woman has is to be pretty and take care of others? All people were created equal – not plastic. Society is morphed our ideology of a perfect ten from the Barbie standards. 12 year old children are considering cosmetic surgery – plastic surgery. Toys are meant to be played with – a child’s psyche is not.

How to Become an Effective Hospice Nurse

How to Become an Effective Hospice Nurse Hospice nursing is an occupation that few people know about. Although the process of getting into this occupation is quite simple, there is a lot of work to be done in this growing field. Almost anyone can get a degree in nursing, but it takes a special kind of person to be a hospice nurse. This is because hospice nurses deal with the emotions the come with caring for terminally ill patients every day. How to Become an Effective Hospice Nurse Hospice nursing is an occupation that many people dont know about, although it deserves as much credit and awareness as any other nursing position. Many hospice nurses go to great lengths and make huge sacrifices in order to get this position, and the process to do so is very intricate and can be confusing. Nursing is a profession that takes a special kind of person, especially hospice nursing, because their job is to assist a patient and the patients family through a death. In todays healthcare situation, there is a rapidly increasing shortage of nurses. This is due to the fact that most registered nurses are retiring all at once, and there is no one there to fill their shoes. It is not uncommon to go to the doctors office and not give a second thought to the nurse seen before and after the doctor. This is part of what makes hospice nurses different. They form a close relationship with not only the patient, but the family as well. As with any medical profession, it can be difficult to understand how a person went about obtaining their career. There are many routes available, along with characteristics that make up a good hospice nurse. Essential Question How does a person become an effective hospice nurse? Supporting Questions What schooling is required, and what kind of classes should be taken? What kind of certification is needed, and how is it obtained? What is the job outlook, and why is it like this? How will having certain characteristics and specific skills benefit? What schooling is required, and what kind of classes should be taken? To be accepted into nursing school, a person has to have a high school diploma. Taking classes in math, biology, and chemistry while in high school help build a strong application, as well as being able to speak a foreign language. Someone looking into being a registered nurse can choose one of three options when it comes to finding a program. The first option is to get a four-year bachelors of science degree in nursing. This is offered by more than 700 colleges. The second option is to get either a two-year or a three-year associate degree in nursing, and this is possible at 850 community colleges. The final alternative would be to go through one of the 70 diploma programs available at some hospitals, which takes about three years (Education and Training, 2009, p.3). Regardless of which path is chosen, all nursing education will involve supervised clinical and classroom instruction. Anatomy, physiology, microbiology, chemistry, nutrition, psychology, and behavioral sciences are some of the classes that are commonly taken by nursing students (Paying Your Dues, 2010, p.1). It is important to take math, biology, and chemistry in high school because even if they cant be taken as college credit, they are still crucial preparatory classes. They will serve as the basic foundation for starting out in nursing education. Being able to speak a foreign language is helpful as well, because people from all backgrounds and cultures need medical help and deserve the right to speak in their own language. This is especially true in the hospice area of nursing because most patients are being taken care of in their own homes, and need the comfort of not having to be stressed about what languages their nurse can or cannot speak. One of a nurses main duties is to serve as a central communicator between the doctor and patient. The best option to choose when picking a nursing program is getting a four-year bachelors of science degree (BSN). It used to be that a nurse with an associate degree could get a job at almost any hospital. However, times are changing and it is now p referred that nurses have a four-year BSN. It is important for all of the programs to have experiences in clinics in all different settings because it provides students with a chance to learn about multiple areas of healthcare. For instance, a person could be planning to have a career in geriatrics, but after spending hours at a nursing home for a clinical, they might completely change their mind. What kind of certification is needed, and how is it obtained? In the United States, all hospice nurses must be registered nurses in addition to being certified by their states health department as a hospice worker. In order to become a registered nurse, a person must take and pass a national examination after graduating from a school of nursing (Education and Training, 2009, p.3). This examination is called the National Council Licensure Examination, or NCLEX-RN (Licensing and Certification, 2010, p.7). It is mandatory for all registered nurses to renew their license periodically, and some states require continuing education. This test is administered electronically, and is multiple-choice. Students usually begin studying for it in their final year of nursing school. Results are sent by mail and arrive five to eight weeks after the testing date. Being certified by the state health department as a hospice worker is important because it ensures that only nurses trained for this field will be entering palliative situations. If this requirement wasnt in place, any registered nurse could go into a home and perform hospice work. It is because of this rule that patients and families can feel confident that they will receive the best care. The National council Licensure Examination helps weed out the students who arent quite ready to start their career in nursing, and need a little more time to study. The students who dont pass can continue to study and try again the next time the test is administered. What is the job outlook, and why is it like this? Registered nurses have more than 2.5 million jobs in the United States. This is expected to hold through and only increase until at least the year 2016. The growth of healthcare in general and the needs of a quickly growing and aging population will raise the demand for registered nurses. The Bureau of Labor Statistics says that more new jobs are to be created for registered nurses than for any other occupation (Employment Outlook, 2010, p.4). The number of elderly is increasing rapidly, which creates many new jobs for hospice nurses. Another reason is because patients are becoming more and more okay with the idea of in-home care, and are actually starting to prefer it. Technology is supporting this by allowing nurses to deliver complex treatments away from hospitals. As interest in the field of hospice nursing grows, so do the opportunities. Right now there are two programs in the United States that provide masters degrees that focus on hospice care. One is at New York University, and the other is at Ursuline College, which is in Pepper Pike, Ohio. However, once this career takes off, there will hopefully be more masters degree programs available that specialize in hospice nursing. How will having certain characteristics and specific skills benefit? Hospice nursing includes 24-hour availability, pain management, and family support combined with compassionate listening and counseling skills (Hospice/palliative care nurses, p. 1) . According to Theresa Valiga: Nursing is a profession that challenges a person intellectually, physically, and emotionally. But it is also a profession that is incredibly rewarding. Nurses are with people during every major life event from birth to death. They have the privilege of being quite intimate with strangers. They are well-respected and they make a real difference in the lives of people and communities. Who could ask for more from a career? (p. 1) Like she said, a hospice nurse needs to not only be able to handle the physical stress of the everyday work, but also the emotional stress. One of the main goals of hospice nursing is to find out the patients last wishes and make sure they are carried through and communicated to the family (A. Fredericks, personal interview, December 9, 2010). On average, hospice patients die within a month of enrolling in a hospice program. Because of this fact, hospice nurses need to have skills to deal with spiritual and culturally sensitive patients. They also need to be able to lift patients or help them bath, sit up, get out of bed, or walk. Sometimes the patients are moody, confused, and uncooperative. Communication is a huge key in hospice nursing, because it is the nurses job to observe the patients condition and report it to the doctors, as well as the patients emotional needs and wishes to the family. How does a person become an effective hospice nurse? The first step to becoming an effective hospice nurse is getting a bachelors of science degree from a four-year nursing program. After that, the National Counsel Licensure Examination needs to be passed, as well as registering with a state health department as a hospice worker. A masters degree may be obtained specializing in palliative care. Amy Fredericks, a hospice worker encourages nursing students to continue on past their registered nursing licenses while they are free and not tied down by family and career (Personal interview, December 9, 2010). An effective hospice nurse can walk out the door at the end of the day and know they made a difference, whether it be through making someone smile or teaching a family member how to care for their loved one. As a hospice nurse, it is important to be caring, compassionate, and knowledgeable in order to provide the best care for the patient. Annotated Bibliography Hospice/palliative care nurses. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.nursesource.org/hospice.html. This source have me specific information about hospice nursing and more details on the day to day experiences. Hospice nurse. (2010, April 14). Retrieved from http://www.princetonreview.com/Careers.aspx?cid=177. This source was helpful because it talked about the educational steps needed in order to become a hospice nurse. Kathy, Initials. (2009, January 7). Home health nursing. Retrieved from ultimatenurse.com/171. This source provided me with information about how hospice nurses serve as the prime communicators between doctors and patients. Occupational outlook handbook. (2009, December 17). Retrieved from http://bls.gov.oco.ocos083.htm. This source helped me see the statistics from the Bureau of Labor and analyze the outlook for hospice nurses. Registered professional nurses. (2009, February). This source provided me with information about the working conditions of registered nurses as well as education and training and personal qualifications.

Evil in The Picture of Dorian Gray: :: Picture Dorian Gray Essays

Evil in The Picture of Dorian Gray:      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Picture Of Dorian Gray is yet another novel portraying evil.   The theme is very much reflected by the book's setting, plot structure and characterisation.   It shows how individuals can slowly deteriorate because of the evil lying within themselves.   The evil of this book is the evil created by one's self and thrusted upon one's self.   The power of greed and selfishness take over Dorian Gray and create an ugly evil side to him.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The mid eighteenth century was a very influential era, specially in England.   This period judged much upon appearance and status.   Dorian was a very wealthy, intelligent man with a very high status.   He knew the very influential and rich people in his town as well.   His beauty charmed the world.   Basil was inspired to draw his portrait in order to preserve his beauty and youth. Dorian recognised that as long as he remained young he would be handsome.   He dreaded the day that he would age slightly and start to form wrinkles and such ugly (in Dorian's opinion) ugly things.   He believed that that day would deprive him of triumphs that would result in him being miserable.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The degree of evil within Dorian increases as the plot develops.   By trading his soul for his youth, Dorian rids of the good inside of himself.   The plot proves to us that evil does actually lie within an individual.   From the moment that he becomes forever young he begins to deteriorate.   Even once he reached his epiphany and saw his evil through the portrait he simply denied seeing it and continued his malicious deeds.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The characterisation of the book is one of the most important elements of this book.   Dorian begins by being a very naà ¯ve lad.   He is very easily influenced by others especially his two new good friends; Basil and Lord Henry. Basil, the painter of the portrait, influenced Dorian in more of a good, honest way.   While Lord Henry, although not being evil himself, gave him a more evil insight on life.   Both of them changed his life forever.   How little they both knew what went on inside that man.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Basil does not have any real direct influence on the youngster; without